Biologische en cognitieve psychologie
Inhoudsopgave
LECTURE 1: INTRODUCTIE ............................................................................................................................... 4
SUBTRACTIE EXPERIMENT VAN DONDERS ...................................................................................................................... 4
GEHEUGEN ONDERZOEK VAN EBBINGHAUS ................................................................................................................... 4
CONDITIONERING .................................................................................................................................................... 4
VAN STIMULUS NAAR REACTIE .................................................................................................................................... 5
SINGLE VS. DOUBLE DISSOCIATION............................................................................................................................... 5
HERSENBEELDVORMINGSTECHNIEKEN .......................................................................................................................... 5
TEMPORALE VERSUS SPATIAL RESOLUTIE ....................................................................................................................... 5
SINGLE CELL RECORDINGS .......................................................................................................................................... 5
GRONDSLAGEN VAN DE GEDRAGSWETENSCHAPPEN ........................................................................................................ 6
NATUURLIJKE SELECTIE EN EVOLUTIE ............................................................................................................................ 6
ETHISCHE KWESTIES IN ONDERZOEK ............................................................................................................................. 6
LECTURE 2: NEURALE EN GLIACELLEN .............................................................................................................. 6
OPBOUW VAN NEURONEN......................................................................................................................................... 7
HET HECHTEN VAN ELEMENTEN .................................................................................................................................. 7
CELLEN .................................................................................................................................................................. 7
IN DE SOMA ............................................................................................................................................................ 8
DNA .................................................................................................................................................................... 9
MICROTUBULI......................................................................................................................................................... 9
GLIACELLEN .......................................................................................................................................................... 10
BIO ELEKTRICITEIT .................................................................................................................................................. 11
ACTIEPOTENTIAAL .................................................................................................................................................. 13
CONDUCTIE (OVERDRACHT) DOOR ACTIEPOTENTIAAL .................................................................................................... 14
LECTURE 3: NEUROTRANSMISSIE .................................................................................................................. 15
HET EFFECT VAN NEUROTRANSMITTER OP DE POSTSYNAPTISCHE CEL ................................................................................ 16
HET EFFECT VAN DE POSTSYNAPTISCHE CEL ................................................................................................................. 16
METABOTROPISCHE RECEPTOREN ............................................................................................................................. 16
REGULATIE VAN DE NEUROTRANSMITTER .................................................................................................................... 17
PATELLA REFLEX .................................................................................................................................................... 17
OVERZICHT NEUROTRANSMITTERS ............................................................................................................................ 18
NEUROMODULATOREN ........................................................................................................................................... 18
DRUGS ................................................................................................................................................................ 19
LECTURE 4: STRUCTUUR ZENUWSTELSEL ....................................................................................................... 21
ONTWIKKELING CZS .............................................................................................................................................. 21
ONTWIKKELING CORTEX .......................................................................................................................................... 21
VAN NEURALE BUIS NAAR VOLWASSEN BREIN .............................................................................................................. 22
TERMEN VAN LOCATIE ............................................................................................................................................ 22
ZENUWSTELSEL ..................................................................................................................................................... 23
RUGGENGRAAT ..................................................................................................................................................... 23
AFFERENT VS. EFFERENT.......................................................................................................................................... 24
CEREBELLUM (KLEINE HERSENEN/METENCEPHALON) .................................................................................................... 24
THALAMUS EN HYPOTHALAMUS (DIENCEPHALON) ........................................................................................................ 24
BASALE GANGLIA ................................................................................................................................................... 24
CORTEX CEREBRI (TELENCEPHALON) .......................................................................................................................... 25
VENTRICULAIR SYSTEEM .......................................................................................................................................... 25
CSF-CIRCULATIE .................................................................................................................................................... 26
HYDROCEPHALUS (WATERHOOFD) ............................................................................................................................ 26
,LECTURE 5: COGNITIEVE PERCEPTIE .............................................................................................................. 27
VISUELE PERCEPTIE ................................................................................................................................................ 27
LIMITATIES VAN HET OOG ........................................................................................................................................ 27
WAT VISIE DOET .................................................................................................................................................... 28
WAT AUDIO DOET.................................................................................................................................................. 28
HOE KIEZEN WE EEN INTERPRETATIE UIT AL DIE MOGELIJKHEDEN?.................................................................................... 29
GESTALTWETTEN ................................................................................................................................................... 29
BOTTOM-UP VS. TOP-DOWN.................................................................................................................................... 30
LECTURE 6: BIOLOGISCHE PERCEPTIE ............................................................................................................ 30
VAN STIMULUS NAAR PERCEPTIE ............................................................................................................................... 30
1. STIMULUS ........................................................................................................................................................ 30
2. ZINTUIG MET RECEPTOREN................................................................................................................................... 31
3. TRANSDUCTIE ................................................................................................................................................... 32
4. CODEREN ......................................................................................................................................................... 33
5. PROJECTIE NAAR DE CORTEX ................................................................................................................................. 34
6. HOGERE ORDE VERWERKING ................................................................................................................................ 36
LECTURE 7: AANDACHT ................................................................................................................................. 36
SELECTIEVE AANDACHT ........................................................................................................................................... 36
VERDEELDE AANDACHT ........................................................................................................................................... 38
SOORTEN SELECTIVE ATTENTION ............................................................................................................................... 39
TOP-DOWN VS. BOTTOM-UP ATTENTION .................................................................................................................... 39
OVERT VS. COVERT ATTENTION ................................................................................................................................. 39
FEATURE INTEGRATION THEORY ................................................................................................................................ 39
AANDACHTSSTOORNISSEN ....................................................................................................................................... 40
LECTURE 8: BEWEGINGSCONTROLE ............................................................................................................... 40
ANATOMIE VAN SPIEREN ......................................................................................................................................... 40
SPIERCONTRACTIE .................................................................................................................................................. 41
MONOSYNAPTISCH STRETCH-REFLEX ......................................................................................................................... 41
POLYSYNAPTISCH INHIBITORY-REFLEX ........................................................................................................................ 41
CONTROLE VAN MOTORCORTEX ................................................................................................................................ 41
CEREBELLUM ........................................................................................................................................................ 42
HOGERE ORDE CONTROLE ....................................................................................................................................... 42
BASALE GANGLIA ................................................................................................................................................... 43
INVLOED VAN SUBSTANTIA NIGRA ............................................................................................................................. 44
BASALE GANGLIA STOORNISSEN ................................................................................................................................ 45
LECTURE 9: WERKGEHEUGEN EN VISUELE VERBEELDING ............................................................................... 45
MODAL MODEL ..................................................................................................................................................... 45
CONTROLE PROCESSEN ........................................................................................................................................... 46
INFORMATIE VERGETEN DOOR INTERFERENTIE IPV VERVAL .............................................................................................. 46
DIEPTE VAN VERWERKING ....................................................................................................................................... 46
BADDELEY AND HITCH MODEL VAN WERKGEHEUGEN .................................................................................................... 46
THE IMAGERY DEBATE............................................................................................................................................. 47
LECTURE 10: SLAAP ....................................................................................................................................... 47
SLAAP STADIA ....................................................................................................................................................... 47
WAAROM SLAPEN WE? .......................................................................................................................................... 49
FUNCTIE VAN SLOW-WAVE SLEEP .............................................................................................................................. 49
FUNCTIE REM-SLAAP ............................................................................................................................................. 49
FYSIOLOGISCHE MECHANISMEN VAN SLAAP ................................................................................................................. 49
SLAAPSTOORNISSEN ............................................................................................................................................... 50
SLAAP-WAAK RITME ............................................................................................................................................... 50
LECTURE 11: LANGE TERMIJN GEHEUGEN I ................................................................................................... 51
, STM VS. LTM ...................................................................................................................................................... 51
STRUCTUUR VAN LTM ........................................................................................................................................... 51
CODEREN, CONSOLIDEREN EN OPHALEN ..................................................................................................................... 52
NEUROBIOLOGISCHE MODELLEN .............................................................................................................................. 53
LECTURE 12: LEREN EN GEHEUGEN................................................................................................................ 54
BASISTYPEN VAN LEREN .......................................................................................................................................... 54
KLASSIEKE CONDITIONERING .................................................................................................................................... 54
LONGTERM POTENTIATION ...................................................................................................................................... 55
INSTRUMENTALE CONDITIONERING ........................................................................................................................... 56
RELATIONEEL LEREN ............................................................................................................................................... 56
LECTURE 13: LANGE TERMIJN GEHEUGEN II .................................................................................................. 57
CATEGORISATIE ..................................................................................................................................................... 57
MULTIPLE TRACE THEORIE ....................................................................................................................................... 57
PARALLEL DISTRIBUTED PROCESSING .......................................................................................................................... 58
LECTURE 15: PROBLEEMOPLOSSING.............................................................................................................. 59
PROBLEMEN TIJDENS HET OPLOSSEN VAN PROBLEMEN .................................................................................................. 61
LECTURE 16: EMOTIES ................................................................................................................................... 62
DARWINISTISCHE KIJK OP EMOTIES ............................................................................................................................ 62
HOEVEEL EMOTIES ZIJN ER? ..................................................................................................................................... 62
ANXIETY AND FEAR ................................................................................................................................................ 62
NUCLEI VAN DE AMYGDALA ..................................................................................................................................... 63
VENTROMEDIALE PREFRONTALE CORTEX ..................................................................................................................... 64
EFFECTEN VAN CORTISOL (STRESSHORMOON).............................................................................................................. 66
EFFECTEN VAN STRESS OP HET IMMUUNSYSTEEM ......................................................................................................... 66
SUBJECTIEVE GEVOELENS VAN EMOTIES ...................................................................................................................... 67
UITDRUKKING VAN EMOTIES: GEZICHT ....................................................................................................................... 67
GEZICHTSUITDRUKKINGEN EN EMPATHIE .................................................................................................................... 68
LECTURE 17: COGNITIEVE TAAL ..................................................................................................................... 68
GENERATIEF ASPECT VAN TAAL ................................................................................................................................. 68
TAAL IS UNIVERSEEL ............................................................................................................................................... 68
FONOLOGIE .......................................................................................................................................................... 69
FONOLOGIE: ONTWIKKELING .................................................................................................................................... 69
MORFEMEN ......................................................................................................................................................... 69
WOORDEN BEGRIJPEN ............................................................................................................................................ 70
ZINNEN BEGRIJPEN ................................................................................................................................................. 70
VERHALEN EN TEKSTEN BEGRIJPEN ............................................................................................................................ 71
LECTURE 18: NEUROBIOLOGIE VAN TAAL ...................................................................................................... 72
LATERALISATIE ...................................................................................................................................................... 72
ORGANISATIE VAN TAALVERWERKING ........................................................................................................................ 73
SPRAAK EN LEZEN .................................................................................................................................................. 74
TAALSTOORNISSEN (AFASIE) .................................................................................................................................... 74
SOORTEN AFASIE: .................................................................................................................................................. 75
LEZEN ................................................................................................................................................................. 76
MODEL VOOR LEZEN: TWEE PATHWAYS ...................................................................................................................... 76
SCHRIJVEN ........................................................................................................................................................... 77
LECTURE 19: REDENEREN EN BESLISSINGEN MAKEN ..................................................................................... 77
,Lecture 1: introductie
Cognitieve psychologie = studie van de geest
Biologische psychologie = studie van de biologische basis van de geest
Subtractie experiment van Donders
Hoelang duurt het voordat iemand en beslissing neemt?
- Eenvoudige reactietijd: deelnemers moesten een knop drukken zodra ze een lampje
zagen branden = simpele RT-taak
- Reactietijd van de keuze: deelnemers moesten op de linker knop drukken als ze het
linker lampje zagen branden, en andersom (je moet discrimineren dus reactietijd is
langer) = go/no go taak
Geheugen onderzoek van Ebbinghaus
1. Studeerfase: leer een lijst van niet bestaande woorden (bv. DAX, ZUG, YOP) en noteer
hoelang dit duurt
2. Wacht een bepaalde tijd (bv. Minuten, dag, dagen)
3. Testfase: registreer hoelang het duurt om de lijst opnieuw te leren
4. Bereken het besparingspercentage
Conditionering
Klassieke conditionering = stimuli -> reflex
Operante conditionering = actie -> beloning/straf
, Van stimulus naar reactie
Retina -> occipitale kwab -> dorsaal/ventraal pad
Dorsal pathway = “waar/hoe” (parietele kwab)
Ventral pathway = “wat” (temporale kwab)
Single vs. double dissociation
We weten wat we weten over het brein door patiënten met
beroertes en andere beschadigingen aan de hersenen te
onderzoeken, bv:
Broca’s afasie = normaal spraakbegrip, maar slechte
spraakproductie
Wernicke’s afasie = normale spraakproductie, maar slechte
spraakbegrip
Hersenbeeldvormingstechnieken
- Electroencephalography (EEG) = Elektroden registreren elektrische activiteit in het
brein
- Magnetoencephalography (MEG) = vergelijkbaar met EEG, alleen coils registreren de
magnetische activiteit
Beide technieken zorgen ervoor dat we event-gerelateerde potentialen (ERP's) kunnen
aflezen (we "time-locken" het EEG- of MEG-signaal aan een gebeurtenis in de
buitenwereld, bv een stimulus of een reactie) dus EEG en MEG = direct measurement of
neural activity
- Positron emission tomography (PET)
- Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) = actieve breingebieden attracten
bloed en dit wordt weergegeven bij fMRI
PET en fMRI = indirect measurement of neural activity
Temporale versus spatial resolutie
Temporale resolutie = laten zien wanneer er iets gebeurt
Spatial resolutie = laat zien waar activering vandaan komt
- EEG: hoge temporale resolutie, lage spatial resolutie (want EEG is op de hoofdhuid)
- fMRI: lage temporale resolutie, hoge spatial resolution
Single cell recordings
Meet de activering van een paar neuronen bij dieren of patiënten die al geopereerd worden.
(Hoogste ruimtelijke en temporele resolutie!), maar wordt niet vaak gedaan
Specifieke codering = 1 neuron, 1 persoon (“oma cel”, er is 1 neuron voor je oma = te
extreem)
- Kwetsbaar (neuronen gaan regelmatig dood) en niet efficiënt (want je hebt veel
neuronen nodig)
Populatie codering = een groot aantal neuronen voor 1 persoon
- Niet zo kwetsbaar en meer efficiënt
Sparse codering = een kleine groep neuronen voor 1 persoon
- Lijkt op populatie codering, nog meer effiecent, wel iets kwetsbaarder
Inhoudsopgave
LECTURE 1: INTRODUCTIE ............................................................................................................................... 4
SUBTRACTIE EXPERIMENT VAN DONDERS ...................................................................................................................... 4
GEHEUGEN ONDERZOEK VAN EBBINGHAUS ................................................................................................................... 4
CONDITIONERING .................................................................................................................................................... 4
VAN STIMULUS NAAR REACTIE .................................................................................................................................... 5
SINGLE VS. DOUBLE DISSOCIATION............................................................................................................................... 5
HERSENBEELDVORMINGSTECHNIEKEN .......................................................................................................................... 5
TEMPORALE VERSUS SPATIAL RESOLUTIE ....................................................................................................................... 5
SINGLE CELL RECORDINGS .......................................................................................................................................... 5
GRONDSLAGEN VAN DE GEDRAGSWETENSCHAPPEN ........................................................................................................ 6
NATUURLIJKE SELECTIE EN EVOLUTIE ............................................................................................................................ 6
ETHISCHE KWESTIES IN ONDERZOEK ............................................................................................................................. 6
LECTURE 2: NEURALE EN GLIACELLEN .............................................................................................................. 6
OPBOUW VAN NEURONEN......................................................................................................................................... 7
HET HECHTEN VAN ELEMENTEN .................................................................................................................................. 7
CELLEN .................................................................................................................................................................. 7
IN DE SOMA ............................................................................................................................................................ 8
DNA .................................................................................................................................................................... 9
MICROTUBULI......................................................................................................................................................... 9
GLIACELLEN .......................................................................................................................................................... 10
BIO ELEKTRICITEIT .................................................................................................................................................. 11
ACTIEPOTENTIAAL .................................................................................................................................................. 13
CONDUCTIE (OVERDRACHT) DOOR ACTIEPOTENTIAAL .................................................................................................... 14
LECTURE 3: NEUROTRANSMISSIE .................................................................................................................. 15
HET EFFECT VAN NEUROTRANSMITTER OP DE POSTSYNAPTISCHE CEL ................................................................................ 16
HET EFFECT VAN DE POSTSYNAPTISCHE CEL ................................................................................................................. 16
METABOTROPISCHE RECEPTOREN ............................................................................................................................. 16
REGULATIE VAN DE NEUROTRANSMITTER .................................................................................................................... 17
PATELLA REFLEX .................................................................................................................................................... 17
OVERZICHT NEUROTRANSMITTERS ............................................................................................................................ 18
NEUROMODULATOREN ........................................................................................................................................... 18
DRUGS ................................................................................................................................................................ 19
LECTURE 4: STRUCTUUR ZENUWSTELSEL ....................................................................................................... 21
ONTWIKKELING CZS .............................................................................................................................................. 21
ONTWIKKELING CORTEX .......................................................................................................................................... 21
VAN NEURALE BUIS NAAR VOLWASSEN BREIN .............................................................................................................. 22
TERMEN VAN LOCATIE ............................................................................................................................................ 22
ZENUWSTELSEL ..................................................................................................................................................... 23
RUGGENGRAAT ..................................................................................................................................................... 23
AFFERENT VS. EFFERENT.......................................................................................................................................... 24
CEREBELLUM (KLEINE HERSENEN/METENCEPHALON) .................................................................................................... 24
THALAMUS EN HYPOTHALAMUS (DIENCEPHALON) ........................................................................................................ 24
BASALE GANGLIA ................................................................................................................................................... 24
CORTEX CEREBRI (TELENCEPHALON) .......................................................................................................................... 25
VENTRICULAIR SYSTEEM .......................................................................................................................................... 25
CSF-CIRCULATIE .................................................................................................................................................... 26
HYDROCEPHALUS (WATERHOOFD) ............................................................................................................................ 26
,LECTURE 5: COGNITIEVE PERCEPTIE .............................................................................................................. 27
VISUELE PERCEPTIE ................................................................................................................................................ 27
LIMITATIES VAN HET OOG ........................................................................................................................................ 27
WAT VISIE DOET .................................................................................................................................................... 28
WAT AUDIO DOET.................................................................................................................................................. 28
HOE KIEZEN WE EEN INTERPRETATIE UIT AL DIE MOGELIJKHEDEN?.................................................................................... 29
GESTALTWETTEN ................................................................................................................................................... 29
BOTTOM-UP VS. TOP-DOWN.................................................................................................................................... 30
LECTURE 6: BIOLOGISCHE PERCEPTIE ............................................................................................................ 30
VAN STIMULUS NAAR PERCEPTIE ............................................................................................................................... 30
1. STIMULUS ........................................................................................................................................................ 30
2. ZINTUIG MET RECEPTOREN................................................................................................................................... 31
3. TRANSDUCTIE ................................................................................................................................................... 32
4. CODEREN ......................................................................................................................................................... 33
5. PROJECTIE NAAR DE CORTEX ................................................................................................................................. 34
6. HOGERE ORDE VERWERKING ................................................................................................................................ 36
LECTURE 7: AANDACHT ................................................................................................................................. 36
SELECTIEVE AANDACHT ........................................................................................................................................... 36
VERDEELDE AANDACHT ........................................................................................................................................... 38
SOORTEN SELECTIVE ATTENTION ............................................................................................................................... 39
TOP-DOWN VS. BOTTOM-UP ATTENTION .................................................................................................................... 39
OVERT VS. COVERT ATTENTION ................................................................................................................................. 39
FEATURE INTEGRATION THEORY ................................................................................................................................ 39
AANDACHTSSTOORNISSEN ....................................................................................................................................... 40
LECTURE 8: BEWEGINGSCONTROLE ............................................................................................................... 40
ANATOMIE VAN SPIEREN ......................................................................................................................................... 40
SPIERCONTRACTIE .................................................................................................................................................. 41
MONOSYNAPTISCH STRETCH-REFLEX ......................................................................................................................... 41
POLYSYNAPTISCH INHIBITORY-REFLEX ........................................................................................................................ 41
CONTROLE VAN MOTORCORTEX ................................................................................................................................ 41
CEREBELLUM ........................................................................................................................................................ 42
HOGERE ORDE CONTROLE ....................................................................................................................................... 42
BASALE GANGLIA ................................................................................................................................................... 43
INVLOED VAN SUBSTANTIA NIGRA ............................................................................................................................. 44
BASALE GANGLIA STOORNISSEN ................................................................................................................................ 45
LECTURE 9: WERKGEHEUGEN EN VISUELE VERBEELDING ............................................................................... 45
MODAL MODEL ..................................................................................................................................................... 45
CONTROLE PROCESSEN ........................................................................................................................................... 46
INFORMATIE VERGETEN DOOR INTERFERENTIE IPV VERVAL .............................................................................................. 46
DIEPTE VAN VERWERKING ....................................................................................................................................... 46
BADDELEY AND HITCH MODEL VAN WERKGEHEUGEN .................................................................................................... 46
THE IMAGERY DEBATE............................................................................................................................................. 47
LECTURE 10: SLAAP ....................................................................................................................................... 47
SLAAP STADIA ....................................................................................................................................................... 47
WAAROM SLAPEN WE? .......................................................................................................................................... 49
FUNCTIE VAN SLOW-WAVE SLEEP .............................................................................................................................. 49
FUNCTIE REM-SLAAP ............................................................................................................................................. 49
FYSIOLOGISCHE MECHANISMEN VAN SLAAP ................................................................................................................. 49
SLAAPSTOORNISSEN ............................................................................................................................................... 50
SLAAP-WAAK RITME ............................................................................................................................................... 50
LECTURE 11: LANGE TERMIJN GEHEUGEN I ................................................................................................... 51
, STM VS. LTM ...................................................................................................................................................... 51
STRUCTUUR VAN LTM ........................................................................................................................................... 51
CODEREN, CONSOLIDEREN EN OPHALEN ..................................................................................................................... 52
NEUROBIOLOGISCHE MODELLEN .............................................................................................................................. 53
LECTURE 12: LEREN EN GEHEUGEN................................................................................................................ 54
BASISTYPEN VAN LEREN .......................................................................................................................................... 54
KLASSIEKE CONDITIONERING .................................................................................................................................... 54
LONGTERM POTENTIATION ...................................................................................................................................... 55
INSTRUMENTALE CONDITIONERING ........................................................................................................................... 56
RELATIONEEL LEREN ............................................................................................................................................... 56
LECTURE 13: LANGE TERMIJN GEHEUGEN II .................................................................................................. 57
CATEGORISATIE ..................................................................................................................................................... 57
MULTIPLE TRACE THEORIE ....................................................................................................................................... 57
PARALLEL DISTRIBUTED PROCESSING .......................................................................................................................... 58
LECTURE 15: PROBLEEMOPLOSSING.............................................................................................................. 59
PROBLEMEN TIJDENS HET OPLOSSEN VAN PROBLEMEN .................................................................................................. 61
LECTURE 16: EMOTIES ................................................................................................................................... 62
DARWINISTISCHE KIJK OP EMOTIES ............................................................................................................................ 62
HOEVEEL EMOTIES ZIJN ER? ..................................................................................................................................... 62
ANXIETY AND FEAR ................................................................................................................................................ 62
NUCLEI VAN DE AMYGDALA ..................................................................................................................................... 63
VENTROMEDIALE PREFRONTALE CORTEX ..................................................................................................................... 64
EFFECTEN VAN CORTISOL (STRESSHORMOON).............................................................................................................. 66
EFFECTEN VAN STRESS OP HET IMMUUNSYSTEEM ......................................................................................................... 66
SUBJECTIEVE GEVOELENS VAN EMOTIES ...................................................................................................................... 67
UITDRUKKING VAN EMOTIES: GEZICHT ....................................................................................................................... 67
GEZICHTSUITDRUKKINGEN EN EMPATHIE .................................................................................................................... 68
LECTURE 17: COGNITIEVE TAAL ..................................................................................................................... 68
GENERATIEF ASPECT VAN TAAL ................................................................................................................................. 68
TAAL IS UNIVERSEEL ............................................................................................................................................... 68
FONOLOGIE .......................................................................................................................................................... 69
FONOLOGIE: ONTWIKKELING .................................................................................................................................... 69
MORFEMEN ......................................................................................................................................................... 69
WOORDEN BEGRIJPEN ............................................................................................................................................ 70
ZINNEN BEGRIJPEN ................................................................................................................................................. 70
VERHALEN EN TEKSTEN BEGRIJPEN ............................................................................................................................ 71
LECTURE 18: NEUROBIOLOGIE VAN TAAL ...................................................................................................... 72
LATERALISATIE ...................................................................................................................................................... 72
ORGANISATIE VAN TAALVERWERKING ........................................................................................................................ 73
SPRAAK EN LEZEN .................................................................................................................................................. 74
TAALSTOORNISSEN (AFASIE) .................................................................................................................................... 74
SOORTEN AFASIE: .................................................................................................................................................. 75
LEZEN ................................................................................................................................................................. 76
MODEL VOOR LEZEN: TWEE PATHWAYS ...................................................................................................................... 76
SCHRIJVEN ........................................................................................................................................................... 77
LECTURE 19: REDENEREN EN BESLISSINGEN MAKEN ..................................................................................... 77
,Lecture 1: introductie
Cognitieve psychologie = studie van de geest
Biologische psychologie = studie van de biologische basis van de geest
Subtractie experiment van Donders
Hoelang duurt het voordat iemand en beslissing neemt?
- Eenvoudige reactietijd: deelnemers moesten een knop drukken zodra ze een lampje
zagen branden = simpele RT-taak
- Reactietijd van de keuze: deelnemers moesten op de linker knop drukken als ze het
linker lampje zagen branden, en andersom (je moet discrimineren dus reactietijd is
langer) = go/no go taak
Geheugen onderzoek van Ebbinghaus
1. Studeerfase: leer een lijst van niet bestaande woorden (bv. DAX, ZUG, YOP) en noteer
hoelang dit duurt
2. Wacht een bepaalde tijd (bv. Minuten, dag, dagen)
3. Testfase: registreer hoelang het duurt om de lijst opnieuw te leren
4. Bereken het besparingspercentage
Conditionering
Klassieke conditionering = stimuli -> reflex
Operante conditionering = actie -> beloning/straf
, Van stimulus naar reactie
Retina -> occipitale kwab -> dorsaal/ventraal pad
Dorsal pathway = “waar/hoe” (parietele kwab)
Ventral pathway = “wat” (temporale kwab)
Single vs. double dissociation
We weten wat we weten over het brein door patiënten met
beroertes en andere beschadigingen aan de hersenen te
onderzoeken, bv:
Broca’s afasie = normaal spraakbegrip, maar slechte
spraakproductie
Wernicke’s afasie = normale spraakproductie, maar slechte
spraakbegrip
Hersenbeeldvormingstechnieken
- Electroencephalography (EEG) = Elektroden registreren elektrische activiteit in het
brein
- Magnetoencephalography (MEG) = vergelijkbaar met EEG, alleen coils registreren de
magnetische activiteit
Beide technieken zorgen ervoor dat we event-gerelateerde potentialen (ERP's) kunnen
aflezen (we "time-locken" het EEG- of MEG-signaal aan een gebeurtenis in de
buitenwereld, bv een stimulus of een reactie) dus EEG en MEG = direct measurement of
neural activity
- Positron emission tomography (PET)
- Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) = actieve breingebieden attracten
bloed en dit wordt weergegeven bij fMRI
PET en fMRI = indirect measurement of neural activity
Temporale versus spatial resolutie
Temporale resolutie = laten zien wanneer er iets gebeurt
Spatial resolutie = laat zien waar activering vandaan komt
- EEG: hoge temporale resolutie, lage spatial resolutie (want EEG is op de hoofdhuid)
- fMRI: lage temporale resolutie, hoge spatial resolution
Single cell recordings
Meet de activering van een paar neuronen bij dieren of patiënten die al geopereerd worden.
(Hoogste ruimtelijke en temporele resolutie!), maar wordt niet vaak gedaan
Specifieke codering = 1 neuron, 1 persoon (“oma cel”, er is 1 neuron voor je oma = te
extreem)
- Kwetsbaar (neuronen gaan regelmatig dood) en niet efficiënt (want je hebt veel
neuronen nodig)
Populatie codering = een groot aantal neuronen voor 1 persoon
- Niet zo kwetsbaar en meer efficiënt
Sparse codering = een kleine groep neuronen voor 1 persoon
- Lijkt op populatie codering, nog meer effiecent, wel iets kwetsbaarder
