TEST BANK FOR PHYSIOLOPATHOGY 7TH EDITION BY JACQUELYN L. BANASIK CHAPTER 1-54 COMPLETE GUIDE

Chapter 1: Introduction to Pathophysiology Test Bank MULTIPLE CHOICE 1.C.Q. was recently exposed to group A hemolytic Streptococcus and subsequently developed a pharyngeal infection. His clinic examination reveals an oral temperature of 102.3° F, skin rash, dysphagia, and reddened throat mucosa with multiple pustules. He complains of sore throat, malaise, and joint stiffness. A throat culture is positive for Streptococcus, and antibiotics have been prescribed. The etiology of C.Q.’s disease is a.a sore throat. tococcal infection. ic susceptibility. ngitis. ANS: B Etiology refers to the proposed cause or causes of a particular disease process. A sore throat is the manifestation of the disease process. Genetic susceptibility refers to inherited tendency to develop a disease. Pharyngitis refers to inflammation ofthe throat and is also a clinical manifestation of the disease process. REF: Pg. 2 2.A 17-year-old college-bound student receives a vaccine against an organism that causes meningitis. This is an example of ry prevention. dary prevention. ary prevention. se treatment. ANS: A Primary prevention is prevention of disease by altering susceptibility or reducing exposure for susceptible individuals by providing vaccination. Secondary prevention is the early detection, screening, and management of the disease. Tertiary preventionincludes rehabilitative and supportive care and attempts to alleviate disability and restore effective functioning. Disease treatment involves management of the disease once it has developed. REF: Pg. 9 3.An obese but otherwise healthy teen is given a prescription for a low-calorie diet and exercise program. This is an example of ry prevention. dary prevention. ary prevention. se treatment. ANS: B Secondary prevention is the early detection, screening, and management of the disease such as prescribing diet and exercise for an individual who has already developed obesity. Primary prevention is prevention of disease by altering susceptibility orreducing exposure for susceptible individuals. Tertiary prevention includes rehabilitative and supportive care and attempts to alleviate disability and restore effective functioning. Disease treatment involves management of the disease once it has developed. REF: Pgs. 9-10 4.A patient with high blood pressure who is otherwise healthy is counseled to restrict sodium intake. This is an example of ry prevention. dary prevention. ary prevention. se treatment. ANS: B Secondary prevention is the early detection, screening, and management of the disease, such as by prescribing sodium restriction for high blood pressure. Primary prevention is prevention of disease by altering susceptibility or reducing exposure for susceptible individuals. Tertiary prevention includes rehabilitative and supportive care and attempts to alleviate disability and restore effective functioning. Disease treatment involves management of the disease once it has developed. REF: Pgs. 9-10 5.After suffering a heart attack, a middle-aged man is counseled to take a cholesterol-lowering medication. This is an example of ry prevention. dary prevention. ary prevention. se treatment. ANS: C Tertiary prevention includes rehabilitative and supportive care and attempts to alleviate disability and restore effective functioning such as prescribing a cholesterol lowering medication following a heart attack. Primary prevention is prevention of disease by altering susceptibility or reducing exposure for susceptible individuals. Secondary prevention is the early detection, screening, and management of the disease. Disease treatment involves management of the disease once it has developed. REF: Pgs. 9-10 6.A patient has been exposed to meningococcal meningitis, but is not yet demonstrating signs of this disease. This stage of illness is called the stage. omal t la lescence ANS: B Incubation refers to the interval between exposure of a tissue to an injurious agent and the first appearance of signs and symptoms. In infectious diseases, this period is often called the incubation (latent) period. Prodromal refers to the appearance of the first signs and symptoms indicating the onset of a disease. These are often nonspecific, such as headache, malaise, anorexia, and nausea, which are associated with a number of different diseases. Sequela refers to subsequent pathologic condition resulting from a disease. Convalescence is the stage of recovery after a disease, injury, or surgical operation. REF: Pg. 3 7.A disease that is native to a particular region is called mic. ic. mic. graphic. ANS: B A disease that is native to a particular region is called endemic. An epidemic is a disease that spreads to many individuals at the same time. Pandemics are epidemics that affect large geographic regions, perhaps spreading worldwide. REF: Pg. 6 8.In general, with aging, organ size and function ase. ase. n the same. unknown. ANS: B In general, with aging, organ size and function decrease. REF: Pg. 5 9.The stage during which the patient functions normally, although the disease processes are well established, is referred to as t. inical. omal. lescence. ANS: B The stage during which the patient functions normally, although the disease processes are well established, is called the subclinical stage. The interval between exposure of a tissue to an injurious agent and the first appearance of signs and symptoms may be called a latent period or, in the case of infectious diseases, an incubation period. The prodromal period, or prodrome, refers to the appearance of the first signs and symptoms indicating the onset of a disease. Convalescence is the stage of recovery after a disease, injury, or surgical operation. REF: Pg. 3 MULTIPLE RESPONSE 10.Your patient’s red blood cell is slightly elevated today. This might be explained by (Select all that apply.) r difference. tional factors. l variation. ral variation. ss. ANS: A, B, C, E Gender, situations (e.g., altitude), normal variations, and illness may all determine red blood cell count. Culture affects how manifestations are perceived (normal versus abnormal). REF: Pgs. 5-6 11.Socioeconomic factors influence disease development due to (Select all that apply.) ics. onmental toxins. rowding. tion. ne. ANS: B, C, D, E Socioeconomic factors influence disease development via exposure to environmental toxins (occupational) and overcrowding, nutrition (over- or undernutrition), and hygiene (e.g., in developing countries). Genetics is not influenced by socioeconomic factors. REF: Pgs. 7-8 COMPLETION 12.When the cause is unknown, a condition is said to be . ANS: idiopathic Many diseases are idiopathic in nature. REF: Pg. 2 13.The nurse is swabbing a patient’s throat to test for streptococcal pharyngitis. The nurse must understand that tests such as this differ in the probability that they will be positive for a condition when applied to a person with the condition; this probability is termed . ANS: sensitivity The sensitivity of any test refers to the probability that the test will be positive when applied to a person with the condition and will not provide a false negative result. In contrast, specificity is the probability that a test will be negative when applied to a person who does not have a given condition. REF: Pg. 5 Chapter 2: Homeostasis and Adaptive Responses to Stressors Test Bank MULTIPLE CHOICE 1.Indicators that an individual is experiencing high stress include all the following except cardia. oresis. ased peripheral resistance. constriction. ANS: D Pupils dilate during stress from the effects of catecholamines. Tachycardia, diaphoresis, and increased peripheral resistance are indicators of stress and also occur due to catecholamine release. REF: Pg. 18 | Pg. 21 2.Which is not normally secreted in response to stress? a.Norepinephrine b.Cortisol c.Epinephrine d.Insulin ANS: D Insulin secretion is impaired during stress to promote energy from increased blood glucose. Norepinephrine is secreted during stress as a mediator of stress and adaptation. Cortisol is secreted during stress as a mediator of stress and adaptation and stimulates gluconeogenesis in the liver to supply the body with glucose. Epinephrine is secreted during stress as a mediator of stress and adaptation and increases glycogenolysis and the release of glucose from the liver. REF: Pg. 17 3.Selye’s three phases of the stress response include all the following except tasis. tance. . stion. ANS: A Allostasis is defined as the ability to successfully adapt to challenges. Allostasis may/may not occur in response to stress. Alarm, resistance, and exhaustion are the three phases of the stress response as described by Selye in the general adaptation syndrome. REF: Pgs. 13-14 4.Many of the responses to stress are attributed to activation of the sympathetic nervous system and are mediated by inephrine. sol. gon. d.ACTH. ANS: A Norepinephrine is secreted in response to activation of the sympathetic nervous system during stress by the adrenal medulla. Cortisol is secreted by the adrenal cortex. Glucagon is secreted by the pancreas. ACTH is secreted by the pituitary gland. REF: Pg. 17 5.The effects of excessive cortisol production include e suppression. lycemia. xia. mmatory reactions. ANS: A Cortisol suppresses immune function and inflammation and stimulates appetite. Cortisol leads to hyperglycemia by stimulating gluconeogenesis in the liver. REF: Pgs. 21-22 6.All the following stress-induced hormones increase blood glucose except terone. sol. inephrine. phrine. ANS: A Aldosterone results in water and sodium retention and potassium loss in the urine. It does not affect blood glucose. Cortisol is a glucocorticoid secreted by the adrenal cortex. Cortisol stimulates gluconeogenesis in the liver, thus increasing blood glucose. Norepinephrine inhibits insulin secretion, thus increasing blood sugar. Epinephrine increases glucose release from the liver and inhibits insulin secretion, thus increasing blood glucose. REF: Pgs. 17-19 7.Allostasis is best defined as y state. b.a state of equilibrium, of balance within the organism. process by which the body heals following disease. overall process of adaptive change necessary to maintain survival and well- being. ANS: D Allostasis refers to the overall process of adaptive change necessary to maintain survival and well-being. REF: Pg. 13 8.The primary adaptive purpose of the substances produced in the alarm stage is y and repair. e resting state. ce exhaustion. a new baseline steady state. ANS: A These resources are used for energy and as building blocks, especially the amino acids, for the later growth and repair of the organism. The substances do not produce a resting state. The substances can produce exhaustion if they continue, but that is not the adaptive purpose of these. Although a new baseline steady state may result from the stress response that is not the adaptive purpose of the substances produced during the alarm stage. REF: Pgs. 15-16 9.Persistence of the alarm stage will ultimately result in s reduction. nent damage and death. ent into the resistance stage. stion of the sympathetic nervous system. ANS: B If the alarm stage were to persist, the body would soon suffer undue wear and tear and become subject to permanent damage and even death. Actions taken by the individual during the resistance stage lead to stress reduction. The resistance stage may or may not occur following the alarm stage, based on resource availability. The sympathetic nervous system will continue to function, resulting in continued release of stress hormones. REF: Pg. 16 10.The effect of stress on the immune system unknown. been demonstrated to be non-existent in studies. often involves enhancement of the immune system. involve enhancement or impairment the immune system. ANS: D Many studies demonstrate that long-term stress impairs the immune system, but many researchers identify that short-term stress may enhance the immune system. REF: Pg. 19 MULTIPLE RESPONSE 11.Aldosterone may increase during stress, leading to (Select all that apply.) ased urinary output. ased blood potassium. ased sodium retention. ased blood volume. ased blood pressure. ANS: A, C, D