Maryville NURS 611 Exam 4 | 100% Correct | Verified | 2024 Version

How much of the cardiac output do the kidneys require? - 20-25% What causes the umbilical referred pain with kidney stones? - sensory innervation of the upper part of the ureter arising from the 10th thoracic nerve root. What are the clinical manifestations of a UTI in older adults? - confusion and poorly localized abdominal discomfort (symptoms are vague). What is pyelonephritis? - it is an infection of one or both upper urinary tracts(ureter, renal pelvis, and kidney interstitium). What are the underlying risk factors for the development of pyelonephritis? - urinary obstruction and reflux of urine from the bladder (vesicoureteral reflux). What microorganisms are associated with acute pyelonephritis? - e. coli, proteus, or pseudomonas. What do the microorganisms that cause pyelonephritis do to increase the risk of stone formation? - the microorganisms split urea into ammonia, making alkaline urine that increases the risk. Define painful bladder syndrome (interstitial cystitis). - it is a condition that includes nonbacterial infectious cystitis and noninfectious cystitis. It is possible that noninfectious cystitis is caused by an autoimmune response. What happens during an autoimmune reaction? - it may be responsible for inflammatory response, which includes mast cell activation, altered epithelial permeability, neuroinflammation, and increased sensory nerve stimulation.