Pathophysiology Exam #1 (Practice ATI Questions) 2023

Pathophysiology Exam #1 (Practice ATI Questions) 2023 Parents of a 4-year-old child discovered the child has been chewing and swallowing imported toy figurines that have tested positive for lead. Which blood test should the care team prioritize? Red blood cell (RBC) levels The nurse is conducting a physical assessment of a homeless man during a night when the wind chill factor is -10°F (-23°C). When assessing the man's fingers and toes for frostbite, the nurse looks for which type of cellular injury? Hypoxic A nurse is teaching a class on health promotion and includes information about the risk from ultraviolet radiation. Which concepts should be included in this class? Ultraviolet radiation increases the risk of skin cancer and damages DNA. The provider removes a cast from a teenager's arm. The client asks why the muscle in the arm is smaller than it was. The provider explains that this reduction is caused by which of the following? Disuse The nurse explains to the hypertensive client that the increased workload required to pump blood against an elevated arterial pressure results in a progressive increase in left ventricular muscle mass. This is an example of: hypertrophy A mother rushes her 4-year-old child to the emergency department after she found an empty Tylenol (acetaminophen) bottle beside her child. The nurse is trying to explain why it is so important to give the child ipecac to induce vomiting in order to prevent: liver failure Mercury is a toxic substance, and the hazards of mercury-associated occupational and accidental exposures are well known. What is the primary source of mercury poisoning today? Fish such as tuna and swordfish Hypertrophy may occur as the result of normal physiologic or abnormal pathologic conditions. The increase in muscle mass associated with exercise is an example of physiologic hypertrophy. Pathologic hypertrophy occurs as the result of disease conditions and may be adaptive or compensatory. Examples of adaptive hypertrophy are the thickening of the urinary bladder from long-continued obstruction of urinary outflow and the myocardial hypertrophy that results from valvular heart disease or hypertension. What is compensatory hypertrophy? When one kidney is removed, the remaining kidney enlarges to compensate for the loss The nurse is treating a client who has been immobilized for several months. As a result, he is experiencing bone thinning and weakening. The nurse is aware of the risk of lung, blood vessel, and renal tubule calcification due to: metastatic calcification A 70-year-old client is being treated for a recent ischemic stroke that has left the client with deficits. These deficits likely result from which mechanism of cell injury? hypoxia and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) depletion A client has experienced significant decreases in mobility and stamina during a 3-week hospital stay for the treatment of a femoral head fracture. Which phenomena most likely accounts for the client's decrease in muscle function? Disuse atrophy of muscle cells during a prolonged period of immobility A client has developed cell atrophy. The most likely cause would be: ischemia. A client is admitted with an alteration in arterial blood gases. Cellular injury is most likely to result from which aspect of this abnormality? Hypoxia Which statement would a nurse tell a client that best describes a lab finding of metaplasia? "This is a change in cell form as it adapts to increased work demands or threats to survival." A client is admitted with frostbite. What will the nurse tell the client about the changes that have occurred due to cold exposure? Cold increases blood viscosity and thrombosis Which situations causes atrophy? Decreased blood flow Denervation Disuse The provider explains to the client, who smokes, that cells in the trachea are substituted with cells that are better able to survive. This process is known as: metaplasia A nurse prepares an educational event for a group of single parents. The nurse is going to talk about drugs and the damage they can cause to the body. The nurse would likely include which of these drugs? Acetaminophen Immunosuppressant drugs Alcohol and cigarettes Antineoplastic drugs The nurse is reviewing an ultrasound report for a client that reveals endometrial hyperplasia. The client asks what this finding means. How should the nurse respond? In response to estrogen levels endometrial cells have increased in number, resulting in a thickening of the endometrium." A client's condition has resulted in a decrease in work demands of most cells in the body. Which change within the cell will likely result from this decrease in work? Decreased size of organelles Despite the low levels of radiation used in contemporary radiologic imaging, a radiology technician wants to minimize personal exposure to ionizing radiation. What is the primary rationale for the technician's precautions about radiation exposure? Interferes with DNA synthesis and mitosis A client with diabetes and severe peripheral vascular disease has developed signs of dry gangrene on the great toe of one foot. The client asks, "How this can happen?" Which pathophysiologic process should the nurse explain to this client? Impaired arterial blood supply to your toe. The nurse is reviewing the effects of various pharmaceutical agents. Which fact about the effect of medications on the body will the nurse apply in practice? Antineoplastic drugs directly damage cells Which statement is true in relation to lead exposure? Lead is absorbed through the gastrointestinal tract or the lungs. The physical therapist is evaluating a male client who has increased his muscle mass by exercising. The therapist understands this physiologic process is known as: physiologic hypertrophy Which client would be an example of an individual experiencing cellular atrophy? A middle-aged female experiencing menopause due to loss of estrogen stimulation The nurse in an infectious-disease clinic will primarily treat injuries to tissues and cells caused by: biologic agents. The nurse is caring for a client with gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) who is questioning taking the acid reducing medication because it is “just a little heartburn.” What is the nurse’s best response? Having uncontrolled GERD can increase your risk for esophageal cancer Which process associated with cellular injury is most likely to be reversible? cell damage resulting from accumulation of fat in the cytoplasm A client’s lab report returns and a nurse is explaining to the client the significance of the changes. The nurse states that the finding is implicated as a precursor of cancer. Which finding was most likely on the lab report? dysplasia Which assessment supports the finding of lead toxicity? Hemoglobin 9 g/dL (90 g/L) Which change exemplifies physiologic hypertrophy? Muscle mass increase with exercise Small amounts of lead accumulate to reach toxic levels in the human body. Lead is found in many places in the environment and is still a major concern in the pediatric population. What would the nurse teach the parents of a child who is being tested for lead poisoning? Keep your child away from peeling paint. A client has suffered an electrical injury to the hand. Which condition will the nurse expect to find? Tissue damage at the skin site where the current entered the body Which condition is an example of physiologic hyperplasia? Uterine enlargement in pregnancy The practitioner examines his client's foot and observes the great toe to be black and dry. The practitioner explains to the client that the dead tissue is caused by: dry gangrene A public health nurse is conducting a wellness seminar in which a participant has asked how to minimize the potentially harmful effects of free radicals. What should the nurse recommend? Make dietary changes and limit UV exposure A nurse practitioner is preparing to perform a client's Pap test and is answering the client's questions about the clinical rationale for the procedure. The nurse should describe what phenomenon? Dysplasia of the cervical epithelium is associated with a high risk of cancer A sonogram on a woman in the first trimester of her pregnancy shows abnormal fetal findings. The nurse prepares to provide the woman with information concerning which diagnostic procedure? Amniocentesis The parents of a newborn are relieved that their baby was born healthy, with the exception of a cleft lip that will be surgically corrected in 10 to 12 weeks. Which statement by the nurse to the parent’s best conveys the probable cause of the newborn's cleft lip? "Your newborn's cleft lip likely results from the interplay between environment and genes." Which health problem may be identified by a TORCH screening test? Rubella and herpes Which risk factor increases the chances of the development of a neural tube defect during embryonic development? Folate deficiency Fortification of foods with folic acid has resulted in a significant reduction in the incidence of: neural tube defects the nurse is studying numeric disorders involving autosomes. Which term refers to having an abnormal number of chromosomes? Aneuploidy The tissue that is damaged in Huntington chorea is which of the following nerve tissue The mother of a child with Turner syndrome asks the nurse what the physician meant when the disease was explained as monosomy of the X chromosome. The nurse explains the syndrome as having which of the following characteristics? There is one X chromosome. With increasing age comes a greater chance of a woman having been exposed to damaging environmental agents such as drugs, chemicals, and radiation. These factors may act on the aging oocyte to cause which abnormality in a fetus? down syndrome Which microorganism can cross the placenta and enter the fetal circulation causing the most frequent fetal anomalies? Rubella A mother has one mutant allele on the X chromosome and one normal allele. What is the chance of a daughter to be a carrier of the mutation? 50% Unlike other teratogens, alcohol exposure during pregnancy (fetal alcohol spectrum disorders) can have what harmful effect on the fetus? developmental abnormalities throughout the prenatal and postnatal period A person's genotype can best be described as which of the following? The genetic makeup of an individual The genetic counselor is explaining structural changes in chromosomes that result from breakage and rearrangement of chromosome parts. The pattern that occurs when there are simultaneous breaks in two chromosomes, from different pairs, with exchange of chromosome parts is: Translocation Which disease is caused by a genetic defect of chloride transport? cystic fibrosis The provider is doing genetic counseling with a client. He explains that which condition affects only females? Turner syndrome When the mother of an adolescent with Turner syndrome asks the nurse why the physician is prescribing estrogen therapy, the nurse provides which explanation? To promote secondary sex characteristics The nurse is preparing to administer a pregnant client's medication when it is noted that the client is prescribed tetracycline for an infection. The nurse should do which of the following? Contact the physician The nurse explains to prospective parents that AA or aa in a Punnett square represent two alleles of a given pair that are the same, or: homozygotes A nurse is caring for an infant born with a cleft lip and palate. The priority of care would address: malnutrition The nurse is assessing a newborn. What characteristic finding makes the nurse suspect the newborn has trisomy 21? Upward slanting of eyes Which health care provider is the highest priority for immediate assistance in the first 24 hours following the birth of a newborn with a cleft lip? lactation consultant The nurse is studying genetic disorders. She learns that an allele is: one of two members of a gene pair, for a particular trait, in a chromosome pair. Which statement is true about recessive gene inheritance? A carrier is a non-affected person with a single copy of a recessive gene The nurse is explaining congenital defects to a newly pregnant client. She explains that one of the most common birth defects is: cleft lip with or without cleft palate While examining a client, the practitioner notices large, flat, cutaneous pigmentations. They are a uniform light brown with sharply demarcated edges.