1. Which of the following is the primary pathophysiologic mechanism
in the development of atherosclerosis?
A) Decreased blood pressure
B) Endothelial injury and inflammation
C) Hyperkalemia
D) Increased blood viscosity
Answer: B) Endothelial injury and inflammation
Rationale: Atherosclerosis is initiated by endothelial injury, which leads
to inflammation and the accumulation of lipids, particularly low-density
lipoproteins (LDL), in the arterial wall. This process results in the
formation of plaques and narrowing of the arteries.
2. What is the primary cause of diabetic nephropathy?
A) Autoimmune destruction of kidney tissue
B) Increased glomerular filtration rate (GFR)
C) Hyperglycemia-induced glomerular injury
D) Chronic hypertension
Answer: C) Hyperglycemia-induced glomerular injury
Rationale: Diabetic nephropathy primarily results from chronic
hyperglycemia, which causes damage to the glomerular capillaries. This
damage leads to thickening of the basement membrane, glomerular
hypertension, and proteinuria.
3. In the pathophysiology of asthma, which of the following is most
responsible for airway obstruction?
, A) Mucosal edema and mucus production
B) Smooth muscle atrophy
C) Excessive ciliary movement
D) Alveolar destruction
Answer: A) Mucosal edema and mucus production
Rationale: In asthma, airway obstruction is primarily caused by
inflammation, mucosal edema, and excessive mucus production.
Bronchoconstriction due to smooth muscle contraction also contributes
but is secondary to the inflammatory processes.
4. Which of the following is a hallmark feature of emphysema?
A) Chronic productive cough
B) Destruction of the alveolar walls
C) Increased mucus production
D) Thickened pulmonary arteries
Answer: B) Destruction of the alveolar walls
Rationale: Emphysema is characterized by the destruction of alveolar
walls, which leads to the enlargement of the alveolar spaces and
decreased surface area for gas exchange. This results in impaired
oxygenation and ventilation.
5. Which electrolyte imbalance is most commonly associated with the
pathophysiology of acute kidney injury (AKI)?
A) Hypercalcemia
B) Hyperkalemia
C) Hyponatremia
D) Hypermagnesemia
in the development of atherosclerosis?
A) Decreased blood pressure
B) Endothelial injury and inflammation
C) Hyperkalemia
D) Increased blood viscosity
Answer: B) Endothelial injury and inflammation
Rationale: Atherosclerosis is initiated by endothelial injury, which leads
to inflammation and the accumulation of lipids, particularly low-density
lipoproteins (LDL), in the arterial wall. This process results in the
formation of plaques and narrowing of the arteries.
2. What is the primary cause of diabetic nephropathy?
A) Autoimmune destruction of kidney tissue
B) Increased glomerular filtration rate (GFR)
C) Hyperglycemia-induced glomerular injury
D) Chronic hypertension
Answer: C) Hyperglycemia-induced glomerular injury
Rationale: Diabetic nephropathy primarily results from chronic
hyperglycemia, which causes damage to the glomerular capillaries. This
damage leads to thickening of the basement membrane, glomerular
hypertension, and proteinuria.
3. In the pathophysiology of asthma, which of the following is most
responsible for airway obstruction?
, A) Mucosal edema and mucus production
B) Smooth muscle atrophy
C) Excessive ciliary movement
D) Alveolar destruction
Answer: A) Mucosal edema and mucus production
Rationale: In asthma, airway obstruction is primarily caused by
inflammation, mucosal edema, and excessive mucus production.
Bronchoconstriction due to smooth muscle contraction also contributes
but is secondary to the inflammatory processes.
4. Which of the following is a hallmark feature of emphysema?
A) Chronic productive cough
B) Destruction of the alveolar walls
C) Increased mucus production
D) Thickened pulmonary arteries
Answer: B) Destruction of the alveolar walls
Rationale: Emphysema is characterized by the destruction of alveolar
walls, which leads to the enlargement of the alveolar spaces and
decreased surface area for gas exchange. This results in impaired
oxygenation and ventilation.
5. Which electrolyte imbalance is most commonly associated with the
pathophysiology of acute kidney injury (AKI)?
A) Hypercalcemia
B) Hyperkalemia
C) Hyponatremia
D) Hypermagnesemia
