PSYC 375 HISTORY OF PSYCHOLOGY MIDTERM EXAM STUDY GUIDE GRADED A 2024

Thomas Kuhn - Defined normal science, established paradigms, wrote The Structure of Scientific Revolutions Karl Popper - concept of falsification Paul Feyerabend - Argued that science cannot be described by any standard set of rules, principles, or standards. In fact, he said, history shows that scientific progress occurs when individual scientists violate whatever rules, principles, or standards existed at the time. correspondence theory of truth - belief that truth corresponds to reality double aspectism - mind and body happen simultaneously and can't be separated because they are two aspects of the same reality great-person approach - The approach to history that concentrates on the most prominent contributors to the topic or field under consideration. principle of falsifiability - The principle that a scientific theory must make predictions that are specific enough to expose the theory to the possibility of disconfirmation; that is, the theory must predict not only what will happen but also what will not happen. zeitgeist - the spirit of the time allegory of the cave - Seeing is not always true; Plato law of contiguity - A law of association, according to which events that occur in close proximity to each other in time or space are readily associated with each other. law of frequency - A law of association, according to which the more frequently two items occur together, the more strongly they are associated with each other. Peter Abelard - Author of Yes And No; university scholar who applied logic to problems of theology; demonstrated logical contradictions within established doctrine. Peter Lombard - Wrote the Book of Sentences where he used the Church Fathers in relation to the book of Revelation St. Anselm - - invented the ontological argument for the existence of God. - "if we can think of something, something must be causing that thought." - think of a perfect being until nothing more perfect can be thought of; the perfect being is God. dialectic method - process of having two people or groups play opposing roles in a debate in order to better understand a proposal Occam's razor - Simpler explanations are more likely to be true than complex ones. Francis Bacon - developed the scientific method Rene Descartes - 17th century French philosopher; wrote Discourse on Method; 1st principle "i think therefore i am"; believed mind and matter were separate; known as father of modern rationalism Francesco Petrarch - Known as the father of Renaissance Humanism. Giovanni Pico - Maintained that humans, unlike angels and animals, are capable of changing themselves and the world. He believed that all philosophical positions should be respected and the common elements among them sought. deduction - the process of moving from a general rule to a specific example induction - the process that moves from a given series of specifics to a generalization primary qualities - characteristics such as size and shape that exist in an object whether or not we perceive them secondary qualities - characteristics such as colour that exist in our perception of the object If any conceivable observation supports a theory, Popper would conclude that the theory is: - weak Believing that because something has a name it also has independent existence is called: - reification scientific law - A consistently observed relationship between classes of empirical events. correlational laws allow for prediction, but causal law permits prediction and - control Heisenberg's uncertainty principle - belief that human behaviour is determined but the causes of behaviour cant be accurately measured