POLS 101 FINAL EXAM REVIEW ALREADY PASSED

POLS 101 FINAL EXAM REVIEW ALREADY PASSED agency representation the type of representation by which representatives are held accountable to their constituency if they fail to represent that constituency properly. this is the incentive for good representation when the personal backgrounds, views, and interests of the representative differ from those of his or her constituency appropriations the amounts of money approved by congress in statutes (bills) that each unit or agency of government can spend bicameral a two-chambered legislature; opposite of unicameral bill a proposed law that has been sponsored by a member of congress and submitted to the clerk of the House or Senate. cloture a rule allowing three-fifths of the members of the U.S Senate to set a time limit on debate over a given bill conference/caucus a gathering of House Republicans every two years to elect their House leaders. Democrats call their gathering the caucus conference committee a joint committee created to work out a compromise on House and Senate versions of a piece of legislation constitituency the people in the district from which an official is elected filibuster a tactic used by members of the Senate to prevent action on legislation they oppose by continuously holding the floor and speaking until the majority backs down. Once given eh floor, senators have unlimited time to speak, and it requires a vote of three-fifths of the Senate to end a filibuster gerrymandering the process of redrawing legislative district boundary lines to probed political advantage of disadvantage impeachment the formal charge by the House of Representatives that a government official has committed "treason, bribery, or other high crimes and misdemeanors" incumbency holding a political office for which one is running election after election joint committee a legislative committee formed of members of both the House and the Senate logrolling a legislative practice wherein agreements are made between legislators in voting for or against a bill; vote trading majority leader the elected leader of the majority party in the House of Representatives or in the Senate. In the House, the majority leader is a subordinate in the party hierarchy to the Speaker of the House minority leader the elected leader of the minority party in the House or Senate oversight the effort by Congress, through hearings, investigations, and other techniques, to exercise control over the activities of executive agencies by overseeing or supervising how legislation is carried out by the executive branch party unity vote a roll-call vote in the House or Senate in which at least 50 percent of the members of one party take particular position and are opposed by at least 50 percent of the members of the other party. Party votes are rare today, although they were fairly common in the nineteenth century patronage the resources available to higher officials, including making partisan appointments to offices and conferring grants, licenses, or special favors to supporters pocket veto a veto that occurs when the president does not sign a passed bill within ten days of receiving it, and Congress adjourned pork barrel appropriations made by legislative bodies for local projects that are often not needed but that are created to help local representatives win re-election in their home districts redistricting the process of redrawing election districts and redistributing legislative representatives. this happens every ten years to reflect shifts in population or in response to legal challenges to existing districts roll-call vote a vote in which each legislator's yes or no vote is recorded as the clerk calls the names of the members alphabetically sociological representation a type of representation in which representatives have the same racial, ethnic religious, or educational backgrounds as their