OCN Study Guide | 347 Questions And Answers
Pleural Effusion
fluid in pleural space
pneumothorax
air in the pleural space
Which chemo has a high risk for pulmonary toxicity?
bleomycin (Blenoxane)
For which pulmonary toxicity does bleomycin have a high risk?
Pneumonitis
Hypocapnia
reduced carbon dioxide in the blood
Signs and Symptoms of pleural effusion
tachypnea (fast breathing)
decreased breath sounds
dullness to percussion
Define Lymphedema
obstruction of lymphatic system that caused overload of lymph in the interstitial space
Define Edema
fluid in the interstitial space
Cancer most commonly associated with lymphedema
Breast
Stage 1 Lymphedema
less than 3 cm difference
pitting edema
Stage 2 Lymphedema
3-5 cm difference
skin stretched and shiny
nonpitting
Stage 3 Lymphedema
greater than 5 cm difference
skin discolored, stretched, firm
nonpitting
Lymphedema treatment
compression garment
manual lymphatic drainage
elevation
aerobic exercise with strength training
low sodium diet
Sentinel lymph node dissection
removal of the first lymph node that contains cancer cells
Hematoma
abnormal collection of blood in tissues
Pericardial effusion
excess fluid around the heart
Tumors associated with malignant pericardial effusions
,Lung
High dose cyclophosphamide cardiac effects
damaged cardiac endothelium
Paclitaxel cardiac effects
asymptomatic bradycardia
5FU cardiac effects
coronary artery spasm
Anthracycline (Daunorubicin, doxorubicin, and epirubicin) cardiac effects
cardiomyopathy
Diagnostic test for pericardial effusion
Echo
Abnormalities of what electrolyte and what mineral interfere with cardiac
function?
Potassium and Calcium
What med can be used to protect heart against effects of doxorubicin
Dexrazoxane
Spiral CT
Diagnostic test for pulmonary emboli
D-DImer test
used to diagnose or rule out conditions that cause hypercoagulability (inappropriate
clotting)
DIC
Accelerated activation of the coagulation cascade. Clots form in random places leaving
the body open to bleeding without protection
Platelet count, Fibrinogen level, D Dimer, FDP Titer
Tests to diagnose DIC
How to treat DIC
Treat underlying cause
What does FFP do?
Contains all of the clotting factors except platelets. Used to supplement red blood cells
when whole blood is not available or to correct a bleeding problem of unknown cause. It
is also used to correct DIC.
Most common cancer associated with DIC?
Leukemia, specifically APL
Signs/Symptoms of DIC
bleeding from 3 unrelated sites
hypoxia
SOB
fever
mottled extremities
Causes of DIC
Delivery (of baby)
Infection
Cancer
How does Heparin help DIC?
, Interferes with thrombin production. Maintain PTT at 1-2 times the normal level (18-28
seconds)
S/S of septic shock
Fever
Tachycardia
Hypotension
Most common cause of sepsis
Gram (-) bacteria
DIC
Accelerated activation of the coagulation cascade. Clots form in random places leaving
the body open to bleeding without protection
Platelet count, Fibrinogen level, D Dimer, FDP Titer
Tests to diagnose DIC
How to treat DIC
Treat underlying cause
What does FFP do?
Contains all of the clotting factors except platelets. Used to supplement red blood cells
when whole blood is not available or to correct a bleeding problem of unknown cause. It
is also used to correct DIC.
Most common cancer associated with DIC?
Leukemia, specifically APL
Signs/Symptoms of DIC
bleeding from 3 unrelated sites
hypoxia
SOB
fever
mottled extremities
Causes of DIC
Delivery (of baby)
Infection
Cancer
How does Heparin help DIC?
Interferes with thrombin production. Maintain PTT at 1-2 times the normal level (18-28
seconds)
S/S of septic shock
Fever
Tachycardia
Hypotension
Most common cause of sepsis
Gram (-) bacteria
Granulocytopenia
failure of the bone marrow to make enough
white blood cells (neutrophils)
Highest risk factor for sepsis
Prolonged granulocytopenia (less than 500/mm3)
What cancer commonly produces TLS?
Pleural Effusion
fluid in pleural space
pneumothorax
air in the pleural space
Which chemo has a high risk for pulmonary toxicity?
bleomycin (Blenoxane)
For which pulmonary toxicity does bleomycin have a high risk?
Pneumonitis
Hypocapnia
reduced carbon dioxide in the blood
Signs and Symptoms of pleural effusion
tachypnea (fast breathing)
decreased breath sounds
dullness to percussion
Define Lymphedema
obstruction of lymphatic system that caused overload of lymph in the interstitial space
Define Edema
fluid in the interstitial space
Cancer most commonly associated with lymphedema
Breast
Stage 1 Lymphedema
less than 3 cm difference
pitting edema
Stage 2 Lymphedema
3-5 cm difference
skin stretched and shiny
nonpitting
Stage 3 Lymphedema
greater than 5 cm difference
skin discolored, stretched, firm
nonpitting
Lymphedema treatment
compression garment
manual lymphatic drainage
elevation
aerobic exercise with strength training
low sodium diet
Sentinel lymph node dissection
removal of the first lymph node that contains cancer cells
Hematoma
abnormal collection of blood in tissues
Pericardial effusion
excess fluid around the heart
Tumors associated with malignant pericardial effusions
,Lung
High dose cyclophosphamide cardiac effects
damaged cardiac endothelium
Paclitaxel cardiac effects
asymptomatic bradycardia
5FU cardiac effects
coronary artery spasm
Anthracycline (Daunorubicin, doxorubicin, and epirubicin) cardiac effects
cardiomyopathy
Diagnostic test for pericardial effusion
Echo
Abnormalities of what electrolyte and what mineral interfere with cardiac
function?
Potassium and Calcium
What med can be used to protect heart against effects of doxorubicin
Dexrazoxane
Spiral CT
Diagnostic test for pulmonary emboli
D-DImer test
used to diagnose or rule out conditions that cause hypercoagulability (inappropriate
clotting)
DIC
Accelerated activation of the coagulation cascade. Clots form in random places leaving
the body open to bleeding without protection
Platelet count, Fibrinogen level, D Dimer, FDP Titer
Tests to diagnose DIC
How to treat DIC
Treat underlying cause
What does FFP do?
Contains all of the clotting factors except platelets. Used to supplement red blood cells
when whole blood is not available or to correct a bleeding problem of unknown cause. It
is also used to correct DIC.
Most common cancer associated with DIC?
Leukemia, specifically APL
Signs/Symptoms of DIC
bleeding from 3 unrelated sites
hypoxia
SOB
fever
mottled extremities
Causes of DIC
Delivery (of baby)
Infection
Cancer
How does Heparin help DIC?
, Interferes with thrombin production. Maintain PTT at 1-2 times the normal level (18-28
seconds)
S/S of septic shock
Fever
Tachycardia
Hypotension
Most common cause of sepsis
Gram (-) bacteria
DIC
Accelerated activation of the coagulation cascade. Clots form in random places leaving
the body open to bleeding without protection
Platelet count, Fibrinogen level, D Dimer, FDP Titer
Tests to diagnose DIC
How to treat DIC
Treat underlying cause
What does FFP do?
Contains all of the clotting factors except platelets. Used to supplement red blood cells
when whole blood is not available or to correct a bleeding problem of unknown cause. It
is also used to correct DIC.
Most common cancer associated with DIC?
Leukemia, specifically APL
Signs/Symptoms of DIC
bleeding from 3 unrelated sites
hypoxia
SOB
fever
mottled extremities
Causes of DIC
Delivery (of baby)
Infection
Cancer
How does Heparin help DIC?
Interferes with thrombin production. Maintain PTT at 1-2 times the normal level (18-28
seconds)
S/S of septic shock
Fever
Tachycardia
Hypotension
Most common cause of sepsis
Gram (-) bacteria
Granulocytopenia
failure of the bone marrow to make enough
white blood cells (neutrophils)
Highest risk factor for sepsis
Prolonged granulocytopenia (less than 500/mm3)
What cancer commonly produces TLS?
