NUR 635 Advanced Pharmacology Mid-Term Exam 2024.

The process by which the body break down and coverts a medication into active subtance is know as - ANSWER metabolism The term NOT associated with the pharmacokinetics of a drug is - ANSWER Pharmacodynamics Rationale: Pharmacokinetics can be simply described as the study of 'what the body does to the drugs' and includes: the rate and extend to which drugs are absorbed and distributed to body tissue; the rate and pathways by which drugs are eliminated from the body by metabolism and excretion; and the relationship between time and plasma drug concentration. It includes the processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion. Pharmacodynamics is the effect that a drug has on the body. Terms associated with pharmacodynamics include receptors (i.e. affinity), drug potency (i.e. amount of drug required to produce a therapeutic response), and drug response cure (i.e. effective dose, toxic dose, therapeutic index). The elimination phase of pharmacokinetics is the time it takes for the plasma concentration of a drug to decrease by - ANSWER 50% Rationale: The elimination phase or elimination half-life is the time required for a drug to reach half (50%) of its state in the serum. The pharmacokinetics of a drug may be affected by - ANSWER Compliance by the patient. Rationale: Factors that affect the pharmacokinetics (what the body does to the drug) of a drug include: compliance by the patient; dosing and medication error; absorption; tissue and body fluid; mass and volume; drug interaction; elimination and drug metabolism. Pharmacokinetics will be variable if the drug does not reach the body or doesn't stay in the body long enough. Pharmacodynamics (what the drug does to the body) is affected by drug receptors, genetic factors, drug interaction, and tolerance. In the pharmacokinetics of a drug, the rate of metabolism: - ANSWER varies widely among patients. Rationale: Metabolism is the process by which drugs are chemically changed from a lipid-soluble from suitable for absorption and distribution to a more water-soluble form that is suitable for excretion. The rate of drug metabolism varies widely among patients, influenced by genetic and environmental factors. This is the major reason for differences in the plasma concentration of some drugs after a standard dose, leading to wide variation in drug response. The type of study that defines the mayor metabolites concentrations in serum and other body compartment is: - ANSWER Pharmacokinetics Studies Rationale: Pharmacokinetics studies are intended to define the time course of a drug's effect and the major metabolite concentration in the serum and other body compartment. Pharmacokinetics is: - ANSWER the effect the body has on the drug Rationale: Pharmacokinetics is the branch of pharmacology concerned withe characteristic interactions of a drug and the body in terms of its absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion.Simply put , it is what the body does to the drug. Pharmacokinetics includes the study of: the rate and extent to which drugs are absorbed into the body and distributed to the body tissue; the rate and pathways by which drugs are eliminated from the body by metabolism and excretion; the relationship between time and plasma drug concentration. Isosorbide dinitrate (Isordil) is indicated for the treatment of: - ANSWER Chronic Angina Rationale: Isosorbide dinitrate (Isordil) titradose tablets are indicated for the prevention of angina pectoris due to coronary artery disease. The onset of action of immediate-release oral isosorbide dinitrate is not sufficiently rapid for this product to be useful in aborting an acute angina episode. Therefore, it is not indicated int the treatment of acute angina and myocardial infarction. What is the maximum half-life elimination of warfarin (Coumadin)? - ANSWER 60 hours Rationale: The half-life elimination of warfarin (Coumadin) is 20-60 hours. The onset of anti coagulation action for oral warfarin (Coumadin) is 24-72 hours. Warfarin acts by binding the synthesis of vitamin K-dependent clotting factors, including Factor II, VII, IX, and the anticoagulant proteins C and S. A 2 year old child has history of heart failure. To increase the force of ventricular contraction and decrease heart rate, the most appropriate drug choice is: a. captopril [Capoten] b. enalapril [Vasotec] c. digoxin [Lanoxin] d. diltiazem [Cardizem] - ANSWER c. digoxin [Lanoxin] Rationale: Digoxin has a rapid onset. It increases the force of contraction, decreases heart rate, slows the conduction of impulses through the AV node, and indirectly enhances diuresis. When dosed appropriately, it is effective and indicated in pediatric patients. Captopril and enalapril do not decrease heart rate. Diltiazem decreases heart rate and decreases of contraction. Non-dihydropyridine CCBs (i.e. verapamil) may be safely used in patients with: a. heart failure with reduced ejection fraction b. chronic stable angina c. second or third degree AV block d. sick sinus syndrome - ANSWER b. chronic stable angina