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Samenvatting bacteriologie & mycologie prof. Cos

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Zelf 17/20 gehaald. Deze samenvatting omvat alleen het deel van prof. Cos (bacteriologie & mycologie), niet het deel virologie van prof. Delputte.

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January 30, 2024
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2022/2023
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BACTERIOLOGIE & MYCOLOGIE
• Open examenvragen, in zinnen antwoorden
o Vraag over kiemen
o Vraag over structuur antimicrobiëlen
o Vaak vraag over mycologie
• Taxonomie = moeilijk hoofdstuk, antibiotica en antivirale therapie ook

INHOUDSOPGAVE

Structuur van bacteriële cellen ......................................................................................................................... 4

Vorm en arrangement ........................................................................................................................................ 5

Overzicht structuur ............................................................................................................................................. 5

Celwand .............................................................................................................................................................. 6
Peptidoglycaan of mureïne............................................................................................................................ 6

Gram-positieve bacteriën ................................................................................................................................... 7

Gram-negatieve bacteriën.................................................................................................................................. 8

Gram kleuring ..................................................................................................................................................... 9

Zuurvaste bacteriën .......................................................................................................................................... 10

Ziehl-Neelsen zuurvast kleuring ........................................................................................................................ 11

Bacteriën zonder celwand ................................................................................................................................ 11

Celmembraan (geen vragen over op examen) ................................................................................................. 12

Transport door membranen ............................................................................................................................. 12

Interne structuren ............................................................................................................................................. 13

Endosporen ....................................................................................................................................................... 14

Externe structuren ............................................................................................................................................ 15

Biofilms ............................................................................................................................................................. 17

Cultivatie en preservatie van bacteriën .......................................................................................................... 23

Fasen van groei ................................................................................................................................................ 23

Meten van bacteriële groei .............................................................................................................................. 24

Fysische factoren die groei beïnvloeden ........................................................................................................... 25

Nutritionele factoren die groei beïnvloeden ..................................................................................................... 28

Cultiveren van bacteriën ................................................................................................................................... 29

Gentransfer .................................................................................................................................................... 30

Introductie ........................................................................................................................................................ 30

Transformatie ................................................................................................................................................... 30



1

, Conjugatie ........................................................................................................................................................ 32

Plasmiden ......................................................................................................................................................... 33

Introductie tot taxonomie .............................................................................................................................. 33

Microbiële fylogenie ......................................................................................................................................... 33

3 domein classificatiesysteem .......................................................................................................................... 34

Taxonomie ........................................................................................................................................................ 34

Staphylococcus spp........................................................................................................................................... 34

Streptococcus spp. ............................................................................................................................................ 36

Corynebacterium spp........................................................................................................................................ 38

Listeria spp. ...................................................................................................................................................... 38

Erysipelothrix spp. ............................................................................................................................................ 39

Bacillus spp. ...................................................................................................................................................... 39

Clostridium spp. ................................................................................................................................................ 40
Botulisme ..................................................................................................................................................... 40
Tetanus ........................................................................................................................................................ 42
Gasgangreen ................................................................................................................................................ 42
Blackleg ........................................................................................................................................................ 42

Mycobacterium spp. ......................................................................................................................................... 43

Enterobacteriaceae .......................................................................................................................................... 44
Escherichia coli............................................................................................................................................. 44

Pseudomonas & Burkholderia .......................................................................................................................... 46
Pseudomonas aeruginosa ............................................................................................................................ 46
Burkholderia mallei ...................................................................................................................................... 46

Actinobacillus ................................................................................................................................................... 47

Francisella tularensis ........................................................................................................................................ 47

Bordetella species ............................................................................................................................................. 47

Brucella species ................................................................................................................................................ 48

Campylobacter en Helicobacter species ........................................................................................................... 48

Spirocheten ....................................................................................................................................................... 48

Mycoplasmas.................................................................................................................................................... 49

Chlamydia ......................................................................................................................................................... 49

Antimicrobiële therapie ................................................................................................................................. 50

Geschiedenis ..................................................................................................................................................... 50

Antibiotica die celwandsynthese inhiberen ...................................................................................................... 52
Fases van PG synthese in S. aureus ............................................................................................................. 53
Penicilline-bindende proteïnen (PBP’s) ....................................................................................................... 55
1 – PG transpeptidase inhibitie: -lactam AB .............................................................................................. 55
Penicillines .............................................................................................................................................. 57


2

, Cephalosporines ..................................................................................................................................... 59
2 – Binding aan N-acyl-D-Ala termini: glycopeptiden .................................................................................. 60
3 – sequesters van bactoprenol-PP ............................................................................................................. 61

Antibiotica die membraanintegriteit verstoren ................................................................................................ 61

Antibiotica die eiwitsynthese blokkeren ........................................................................................................... 62
1: gericht tegen aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases............................................................................................. 63
2: gericht tegen het bacterieel ribosoom .................................................................................................... 63

Antibiotica die DNA- of RNA-synthese inhiberen .............................................................................................. 66

Antibiotica die folaatsynthese inhiberen .......................................................................................................... 67

Meten van antimicrobiële activiteit ................................................................................................................. 68

Antibioticumresistentie .................................................................................................................................... 69

Mycologie ...................................................................................................................................................... 71

Antifungale middelen ....................................................................................................................................... 74
Polyenen ...................................................................................................................................................... 74
Azolen .......................................................................................................................................................... 74
Echinocandines ............................................................................................................................................ 75
Allylamines .................................................................................................................................................. 75
Mycoses: fungale ziektes ............................................................................................................................. 75
Dermatophyten ........................................................................................................................................... 76

Gisten ............................................................................................................................................................... 79
Candida albicans.......................................................................................................................................... 79

Aspergillus species ............................................................................................................................................ 81




3

,STRUCTUUR VAN BACTERIËLE CELLEN

• MO:
o Bacteriën → prokaryoot
o Fungi → eukaryoot (mycologie = leer van de fungi)
o Virussen
o Parasieten
• Prokaryoot  eukaryoot




o Groot verschil qua structuur → antibacteriële werken goed op bacteriën,
maar niet goed op fungi en andersom ook
• Grootte
o Meeste bacteriën: 0,5-2 m
o Humane RBC: 7,5 m




4

, VORM EN ARRANGEMENT

• Coccus
o = bolletje
o Kan op verschillende manieren
delen (zie figuur)
o Vb diplococ: Neisseria (genus)
meningitidis (species) →
veroorzaakt meningitis
o Bij diplococ zijn kanten tegen
elkaar afgeplat, niet volledig rond
(bij streptococ wel)
o Vb streptococ: Streptococcus
agalactiae → kan meningitis
veroorzaken bij pasgeborenen
o Kan ook 3-dimensionaal delen: staphylococ
o Vb staphylococ: Staphylococcus aureus
• Bacillus
o Staafjes
o Bvb Bacillus anthracis → veroorzaakt
anthrax = miltvuur
o Cocobacil = tussenvorm (maakt niet uit of je
op examen coc/bacil/cocobacil schrijft)
o Bacterie met pos effect bvb Lactobacillus
bulgaricus = probioticum
• Vibrio
o Bvb Vibrio cholerae
• Spirillum NK
• Spirocheet
o Kurkentrekkervormig
o Bvb Borrelia burgdorferi =
ziekte van lyme

OVERZICHT STRUCTUUR

• Een celmembraan, gewoonlijk omgeven door een celwand (celwand niet bij dierlijke
cellen)
• Een intern cytoplasma met ribosomen, een nucleaire regio, …
• Een variëteit aan externe structuren, zoals capsule, flagella en pili
→ examenvrag over structuur bacterie!!!




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