CPSC 112 Final Exam UIUC Latest Updated Test with all the questions and answers correct

CPSC 112 Final Exam UIUC Latest Updated Test with all the questions and answers correct Furrow Irrigation Crops in row slightly elevated, sloped "furrows" between rows convey water, over 50% of the US irrigated farmland, water rights in the arid west which soil textures have the highest plant available water clay, sand, sandy loam, loam, clay loam, silty loam Plant available water field capacity-permanent wilting point options for increasing WUE (water use efficiency) agronomic = yield/amount of water applied physiological = unit of biomass/unit of water transpired photosynthetic = unit of C assimilation/unit of water transpired increase numerator or decrease denominator 3 E's of sustainability equity (society, people), economy (profit), environment (planet) properties of agricultural systems with agroecology productivity, stability, sustainability, and equitability crop rotation benefits in organic agriculture replenishment of N, pathogen reduction, soil quality improvements, soil fertility general idea of 0.4% (or 4 per 1000) French initiative if we increase soil carbon by 4% per year, then we can halt the annual increase of CO2 in the atmosphere organic standards no inorganic fertilizers, no synthetic chemicals (herbicides, pesticides, fungicides - but some bio based products okay), and no GMOs benefits of using legumes in organic agriculture fixes N, helps to control weeds, improve soil structure, erosion control, sustainable intensification increasing yields while decreasing environmental impacts method of calculating yield gaps yield potential-actual yield obtained by farmers most important variables influencing energy efficiency and net energy output water use, water loss, net energy yield = energy output in grain-sum of all energy inputs options for increasing water productivity in rain-fed systems 1) Increase yields 2) Increase precipitation capture (e.g. mulching soil surface) 3) Increase soil water storage (e.g. through increased SOM) 4) Minimize losses (e.g. decrease runoff/evaporation by increasing infiltration rates with no-till) soil greenhouse gases (GHGs) occurring in agriculture carbon dioxide (soil respiration, primarily offset by crop CO2 fixation), methane (CH4, flooded soils (rice) and animal production), and nitrous oxide (N2O, arable soils , primarily related to N fertilizer and manure application) why is N2O such a concern it often represents over 50% of total CO2 equivalents for corn production, also somewhat unavoidable because it is produced during nitrification and denitrification processes (especially when soil N is high), N fertilizer is needed for high yields yet ag is targeted as possible climate change mitigation opportunity most influential factors when calculating carbon footprint Sum of field GHG emissions, CO2 emissions related to inputs and fuel combustion, and changes in soil C can be offset with changes in soil C top 4 rice producing countries in the world china, India, Indonesia, Bangladesh Impacts of land leveling better water management, improved germination/crop establishment, improved weed control, uniform crop maturity downside is added cost What is puddling a form of wet tillage that controls weeds, manages residues, and creates a hardpan to prevent water loss advantages of transplanting vs water seeding the field is clean and the rice has a major head start because it was grown somewhere else, more uniform emergence, less wasted seed challenges of drill seeding (rice) seed is dry, flash irrigation (flushing) is very difficult, weed management is the primary issue harvest tradeoffs: waiting for grain moisture to drop in field vs maintaining quality (rice) quality can drop very quickly if left in field, grain can be damaged if left in field due to humid-dry cycles if taken out of field, added cost needed of drying the grain list of typical small grains wheat, oats, barley, rye where is wheat primarily grown in decreasing order: china, india, russia, US typical range of protein content (wheat) 9%-15% protein spring wheat vs. winter wheat spring wheat is planted in spring, winter wheat is planted in fall, winter wheat is harvested in summer but has survival issues. spring wheat is harvested in fall dilution effect (wheat) with increase in protein, yield decreases, and vice versa advantage of tillers compensates for empty space or takes advantage of good growing conditions, more than one tiller (usually 3) grow fertile spikes insect impacting winter wheat planting date hessian fly general date after which the fly has already past the area. if planted earlier, then the fly will lay eggs and overwinter as pupae and then lay more eggs in spring and emerge in the fall after spending the summer as pupae in the stalks characteristics of horticultural crops high value crops, high return on investment per unit area, utilized in the living state (vegetables vs. grain, flowers vs. timber, shorter shelf-life) fruit tree crops grown in IL apples, peaches renewable fuel standard energy independence and security act of 2007 • Program that requires transportation fuel sold in the U.S. to contain a minimum volume of renewable fuels •Goal: 36 billion US gallons of renewable fuel to be used by 2022 • 15 billion can be corn ethanol 1st vs 2nd generation biofuel definitions First Generation • Definition: fuels that have been derived from sources like starch, sugar, animal fats and vegetable oil • Examples: Ethanol and Biodiesel • Second Generation (aka Advanced Biofuels) • Definition: fuels that can be manufactured from different types of biomass • Examples: Switchgrass, Miscanthus advantages/disadvantages of biodiesel • Advantage: • Biodegradable and produces less air pollutants than petroleum‐ based diesel • Disadvantages: • Tends to be expensive • Not suitable in cold weather cellulosic/advanced biofuel sources first generation are cellulosic biofuel sources, and second generation are advanced biofuel sources First Generation • Ethanol • De‐polymerized corn • Fermented sugar cane • Fermented sugar beet • Depolymerized cassava • Biodiesel • Triacylglycerol • Soy, canola, palm fruits Second Generation Definition: fuels manufactured from various types of biomass • Aim to use biomass not used for food purposes • Lignocellulosic biomass • Energy Crops • Green wastes largest soybean producing countries US, Brazil, Argentina, China Meaning of indeterminate growth leaves keep growing after flowering most common soybean row width and seeding rate 30 in rows and plants per acre maintenance P and K rates compared to other crops (soybean) higher maintenance P and K fertilizer rates compared to other crops (other than P rate 0.85 vs wheat 0.9) growth stage when flowering occurs V6 to V10 stage. 6 to 8 weeks after emergence. R1 stage (which is first reproductive stage) yield components (soybeans) • Number of plants • Number of pods • Number of seeds per pod • Seed weight use of corn in US (fee, fuel, export) feed/residual 39.5%, fuel ethanol 30.8%, DDGs 9.2%, export 8.4%, HFCS and sweeteners 6.8%, starch 2.1%, cereal/other 1.8%, beverage/alcohol 1.2%, seed 0.2% expense of inputs for corn production $362 per acre. fertilizers 43%, seed 28%, pesticides 14%, crop insurance 8%, drying 5%, storage 2% GE corn in US (% planted) 90% of total acreage, 75% of acres stacked effects on plant population on yield in poor vs excellent conditions much higher plants per acre and almost extra 100 bushels per acre black layer, what does it signal (corn) physiological maturity most dominant soil order in tropical latitudes oxisoils, inceptisoils, ultisoils, entisoils, vertisoils high value perennial crops for export in tropical systems tea, coffee, cocoa, coconut, pineapple continent on which most smallholders live asia, then africa, then europe, the south then north america rationale for low input plant breeding breeding crops for more resilient, ecological agriculture. improving yields while keeping inputs low