Soc 100 Maher Purdue Exam 1 Latest Update 100% Pass

Soc 100 Maher Purdue Exam 1 Latest Update 100% Pass Social Facts aspects of social life that shape our actions as individuals, social, widespread, coercive -material: social structures -nonmaterial: values and norms Anomie a feeling of aimlessness or despair provoked by modern social life Power a persons ability to exercise their will even against the resistance of others -scare, unequally divided, and coercive -people in power create the social order Looking Glass Self how our sense of self develops, we imagine how we appear to those around us, we interpret others reactions Hawthorne Effect where people change their behavior because they know they are being watched Material Culture physical things ex: jewelery, art, buildings, etc. Non-material Culture a groups way of thinking and common patterns of behavior, aka symbolic culture Values ideas held by individuals or groups about which is desirable, proper, good, and bad, can conflict Norms the expectations or rules of behavior that everyone is expected to observe Folkways norms not strictly enforced Mores norms essential to core values, conformity Sanctions positive and negative reactions to how people follow norms -positive: approval -negative: disapproval for breaking norm Subcultures a cultural group within a larger culture Countercultures a way of life and set attitudes opposed to or at variance w the social norm Culture Shock the feeling of disorientation experienced by someone who is suddenly subjected to an unfamiliar culture Ethnocentrism evaluation of other cultures according to preconceptions originating in the standards and customs of one's own culture Cultural Relativism the principal of regarding the beliefs, values, and practices of a culture from the viewpoint of that culture itself Primary Groups small groups characterized by intense emotional ties, face to face interaction, intimacy, and a strong sense of commitment Secondary Groups groups characterized by large size and impersonal fleeting relationships In Groups groups one feels loyalty and respect for Out Groups groups one feels antagonism or contempt toward Reference Groups a group that provides a standard for judging one's attitudes or behaviors Socialization the process through which people are taught to be proficient members of society Roles the function/part played by a person in a situation "The Self" a role one is playing and selling to an audience, it varies across contexts, which self we portray depends on the situation Core things that Berger draws a distinction between in his article "Sociology as a Passion to Understand" sociological practices and sociological understanding, sociology is not inherently benevolent or malevolent Value-free research (Berger) scientific, just facts, statistical data Sociological Imagination connects personal troubles to public issues. It enables us to grasp history and biography and the relations between the two within society Functionalism focuses on cohesion and stability, macro view, society is a single unit made up of parts that work together, and are interested in how institutions contribute to social facts Conflict Theory focuses on inequality and change, social ladder, macro Symbolic Interaction focuses on individual behavior, micro Why is it difficult to study people? and what are the three things scientists need to consider when studying people? Can become unethical. Do no harm to participants, participation is voluntary, informed consent. Reliability consistency Validity Precision How are reliability and validity related? not interchangeable, measures can be reliable but not necessarily valid Surveys a set of questions usually asked by an interviewer or given in a questionnaire Pros: gets info from a larger population, cheap, can investigate unobservable Cons: thin, closed questions, bias, artificial, superficial, Qualitive Methods ethnography, participate observation, taking part in the activities of a group, and interviews, Pros: deeper understanding, validity, understand behavior Cons: non-generalizable results, impossible to replicate, low reliability, Experiments a method in which variables are analyzed in a controlled way Correlation two things happen together Causation something causes something else to happen "Tool Kit" culture provides us with a "tool kit" of practices, knowledge, and symbols for living in a society Relationship between values and norms values can and do come into conflict, norms can vary in terms of importance, socially constructed the view that human behavior is purely a product of culture, biology cannot be applied to human behavior Group Size as a group becomes larger bonding/intimacy decreases, stability increases Conformity behavior in accordance w socially accepted conventions or standards , often subtle or harmless, positive and negative effects, give in to peer pressure Democracy vs. Bureaucracy democracy is run by the people using appointed leaders they vote in, bureaucracy is run by officials and administrators, democracy needs components of bureaucracy to function Bureaucracy rational legal organization, stable written rules, clear responsibilities, chain of command, hiring based off skills, official roles are separate from their private lives, Pros: effective, useful for organizing people, Cons: routine actions are taken out of your hand, one size fits all, stifles creativity, rules dominate goals Informal relations relations in groups/organizations developed on basis of personal connections, ways of doing things, that depart from formally recognized modes of procedure Nature how you are set at birth Nurture you are a product of the relationships and caring that surround you Pre-play Stage very early in life, imitation, mimic behavior, meaningless Play Stage self beings to develop, act out, role taking, adopt one position but cannot relate to other roles, dyadic: player has only one role in mind Game Stage children develop a fully formulized self, understand multiple roles, functioning in organized groups, children learn to adopt the attitude of the entire group Dramaturgy social life as a series of dramatic performances Why do we have multiple sociological perspectives? social life is complex What kind of research question would a functionalist ask? What does each part of society do to help the overall nature of society? What kind of research question would a conflict theorist ask? How does society divide a population? What kind of question would a symbolic interactionist ask? How do behavior and meaning change from person to person and situation to situation? According to Schuman, what do questions on a good survey look like? vary in form, wording and context of question What does Schuman mean by probability theory, and why is it important for using surveys? the size of a sample needed to accurately estimate a value for a population depends very little on the size of the population, this is important when thinking about the sampling method and the extent of individuals actually included in the final sample According to weiss what are the primary benefits of interviews and qualitative research? they ask about the details of what happened which helps to come as close as possible to capturing in full the processes that led to an event Based on the documentary, Truth Be Told, how important is it to be objective when conducting research? Do all sociologists agree that objectivity should be a central goal? Why or why not? being objective is the most important thing when conducting research, thing sociologically, yes, without objectivity data will be swayed based on the researchers values What is the difference between folkways and mores? How do they help us understand the relationship between norms and values in society? folkways are strictly enforced norms, mores are norms believed to be essential to specific values. What is the difference between high culture and pop culture? high culture is patterns of cultural experiences and attitudes that exist in the highest class, pop culture is patterns of cultural experiences and attitudes that exist in mainstream society What types of cultures do cosmopolitan omnivores consume? How is this a change from cultural consumption in the past? embrace most if not all cultural forms (the popular opinion); culture used to be to distinguish from those that were "different" now everyone wants to believe the popular opinion and becomes the same According to Alwin, what can a focus on generations explain? the differences among people What were the specific "new norms" described in The New Norm podcast, and why did they have to change? men were taught to connect with their emotions and cry, this was to change how they worked so that they would not be afraid to ask questions and so it would be more safe What are the agents of socialization? family, school, peer group, mass media Does socialization ever end? When do we see it after graduating high school? no, we have to use socialization when going to college or getting a job presentation of self Erving Goffman's term for a person's efforts to create specific impressions in the minds of others front stage & 3 components area of social interaction where people perform and work to maintain appropriate impressions/performance itself, setting and personal front back stage area of social interaction away from the view of an audience, where people can rehearse and rehash their behavior What do Furstenberg et al. mean by early adulthood? How have the defining characteristics of adulthood changed? What are the primary reasons for a prolonged early adulthood? early adulthood is a new stage of physically mature people whose focus is on building up educational credentials and practical skills/marriage and parenthood are now being pushed back and are not as important to being an adult/a challenging job market, the length of time to get a degree, and the pressure to support a family What are the challenges of growing up online? being someone you aren't, sexual predators, distrust from family, cyberbullying What does Granovetter mean by the "strength of weak ties"? Why is this relevant for getting a job or learning new information? weak ties can connect you to less immediate networks with new information and connections, this can help in meeting new people that know someone who knows someone that has a job opening What does Weber mean by an "ideal type"? How would this apply to a classroom? conceptual maps of "what is"; without certain objects in a classroom like students, desks and a white board it would no longer look like a classroom What is the relationship between modern industrial society and bureaucratic organizations? bureaucratic organizations have more structure but also have their own little differences, modern industrial society tends to have less structure and more conformity