NSG 300 Exam 3 questions and answers well explained.

NSG 300 Exam 3 questions and answers well explained. Inspiration - correct answers.Active process stimulated by chemical receptors in the aorta Expiration - correct answers.Passive process that depends on the elastic recoil properties of the lungs, requiring little or no muscle work -Patients with COPD lose the elastic recoil properties of the lungs and thorax Surfactant - correct answers.Chemical produced in the lungs to maintain the surface tension of the alveoli and keep them from collapsing -Patients with decreased surfactant production can sometimes develop atelectasis which is the collapsing of the alveoli Tidal volume - correct answers.The amount of air exhaled following a normal inspiration Residual volume - correct answers.Amount of air left in the alveoli after a full expiration Forced vital capacity - correct answers.Maximum amount of air that can removed from the lungs during forced expiration Stroke volume - correct answers.The volume of blood ejected from the ventricles during systole -Hemorrhage and dehydration cause a decrease in circulating blood volume which results in a decrease in stroke volume Heart sound: S1 - correct answers.During ventricular diastole, the mitral and tricuspid valves open and blood flows from the atria to the ventricles As systole begins, ventricular pressure rises, causing the mitral and tricuspid valves to close which results in S1 Heart sound: S2 - correct answers.During systole, the semilunar (aortic and pulmonary) valves open, and blood flows from the ventricles into the aorta and pulmonary artery As the ventricles empty, the ventricular pressure decreases, allowing closure of the aortic and pulmonary valves which results in S2 -Patients with valvular disease have backflow of blood which can result in a murmur on auscultation Preload - correct answers.Amount of blood in the left ventricle at the end of diastole Afterload - correct answers.Resistance to left ventricular ejection -In hypertension, the afterload increases, making cardiac workload also increase Myocardial contractility - correct answers.Poor ventricular contraction decreases the amount of blood ejected Injury to the myocardial muscle (i.e MI) decreases ventricular contraction The myocardium of the older adult is stiffer with slower ventricular filling rate and prolonged contraction time Anemia - correct answers.-Lower than normal hemoglobin level -Result of decreased hemoglobin level, increased blood cell destruction, and/or blood loss Symptoms: Fatigue, decreased activity tolerance, increased breathlessness, increased heart rate, and pallor (secondary: Oxygenation decreases) -Response: Increased RBC production (polycythemia) Hypovalemia - correct answers.Conditions such as severe dehydration and shock cause extracellular fluid loss and reduced circulating blood flow Response: Peripheral vasoconstriction and increased heart rate to increase the volume of blood returned to the heart to then increase stroke volume Increased metabolic rate - correct answers.-Increased metabolic rate is normal in pregnancy, wound healing, and exercise -Fever increases the need for oxygen and as a result CO2 levels increase -When fever persists, the metabolic rate remains high and the body begins to break down protein stores which causes muscle wasting an decreased muscle mass including respiratory muscles Normal arterial carbon dioxide tension - correct answers.35-45 mmHg Normal arterial oxygen tension - correct answers.80-100 mmHg Conditions affecting chest wall movement - correct answers.1. Pregnancy: Enlarging uterus pushes abdominal contents upward towards the diaphragm 2. Obesity: Reduced lung volumes from the heavy lower thorax and abdomen, particularly in the supine position; reduction in lung and chest volume; obstructive sleep apnea 3. Musculoskeletal abnormalities: Abnormal structural configurations impairing oxygenation include those affecting the rib cage such as pectus excavatum, kyphosis, lordosis, or scoliosis 4. Trauma: Flail chest, thoracic or abdominal incisions cause shallow breathing, opioids cause respiratory depression