Pathophysiology MidTerm Exam Rasmussen (100% correct)

3 stages of adaptation (GAS) - alarm reaction, stage of resistance, stage of exhaustion 4 topics of pathophysiology - etiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, treatment 5 cardinal signs of inflammation - heat, redness, swelling, pain, loss of function 7 warning signs of cancer - (CAUTION) Change in bowel or bladder habits A sore that does not heal Unusual bleeding or discharge Thickening or lump in breast or elsewhere Indigestion or difficulty swallowing Obvious change in wart or mole Nagging cough or hoarseness active immunity - A form of acquired immunity in which the body produces its own antibodies against disease-causing antigens. active transport - requires energy, against the gradient from low concentration to high (ex: endocytosis (entering cell), exocytosis(exiting cell), and protein pumps) acute - sudden onset and short duration adaptation/resistance stage - trying to return to homeotasis alarm stage - fight or flight response reduced resistance to stressors release catecholamines (epinephrine and norepinephrine) and adrenocortical steroids (cortisol and aldostrone) antimicrobial resistance - occurs when pathogens undergo changes that allow them to resist antimicrobials (Ex: MRSA) atopic dermatitis - Excess inflammation; dry skin, redness, and itching from allergies and irritants. (eczema) Bicarbonate value normal range (second most abundant anion in blood) - 23-30 mEq/L Calcium value normal range - 9-11 mg/dL OR 4.5-5.5 mEq/L causes of edema - increased capillary hydrostatic pressure, loss of plasma proteins, obstruction of lymphatic circulation, increased capillary permeability Causes of extracellular fluid deficits - loss of total body sodium-Vomiting, diarrhea, excessive sweating, burns, diuretics or kidney failure. chronic - long term clinical manifestation - signs and symptoms or evidence of disease Components of the Immune System - (1) skin and mucous membranes; (2) the mononuclear phagocyte system; (3) the lymphoid system, including spleen, thymus gland, and lymph nodes; and (4) bone marrow. AND B cells; T cells