NURS617 CH 7-12 Exam 2 With Complete Solution

NURS61 7 CH 7-12 Exam 2 With Compl ete Solution Homeostasis - ANSWER -constancy between internal and external environments -achieved through a system of coordinated physiologic processes that oppose change -resistance to internal and external disturbances stress - ANSWER -state manifested by a specific syndrome of the body -developed in response to any stimuli that made an intense systematic demand on it negative feedback system - ANSWER -oppose change -composed of: sensor, integrator, effector system to reverse change -ex: increased insulin release w/ increase in glucose, TSH released in hypothyroidism positive feedback system - ANSWER -strengthens or reinforces a change in one of the body's controlled conditions -ex: clotting after injury, childbirth contractions general adaptation system (GAS) - ANSWER 1. Alarm - stimulus activates sympathetic nervous system and HPA axis; increase in cortisol + catecholamines (epinephrine/norepinephrine) 2. Resistance - body chooses effective channel of defense (typically negative feedback system) 3. Exhaustion - wear/tear from stress response catecholamines - ANSWER -released by the medulla and LC (brain stem) -produces decrease in insulin release and increases glucagon release; result=increased HR + cardiac contractility, vascular smooth muscle contractions, decrease in glucose uptake in peripheral tissues -ex: dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) - ANSWER -released from the hypothalamus -promotes secretion of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) - ANSWER -Stimulates adrenal cortex to synthesize + secrete glucocorticoids AKA cortisol Glucocorticoids (cortisol) - ANSWER -released from the adrenal cortex; inhibitor of stress response -potentiates effects of glucagon and epinephrine -stimulates gluconeogenesis (maintains blood glucose by decreasing insulin release) -anti-inflammatory -immunosuppression Mineralcorticoids (aldosterone) - ANSWER -hormone produced in adrenal cortex that stimulates the kidneys to stimulate reabsorption of sodium and excretion of potassium antidiuretic hormone (ADH) - ANSWER -Hormone produced by hypothalamus & posterior pituitary gland -stimulates water reabsorption from kidney tubule cells into the blood and vasoconstriction of arterioles (vasopression) results of release of neurohormes - ANSWER -mobilization of energy -increase cerebral blood flow, focus & awareness -inhibit reproductive function -enhanced cardiovascular and lung function 5 nonpharmacologic methods of treating stress - ANSWER 1. guided imagery 2. music therapy 3. massage 4. relaxation techniques (breathing, yoga, etc) 5. biofeedback (electronic monitoring of one or more physiologic responses to stress w/ immediate feedback of the specific response) lab values that measure stress - ANSWER -glucose and cortisol levels -immunological counts -vitals -ACTHs stress induced health problems: examples - ANSWER -anxiety, depression, PTSD, mood disorders, eating disorders, sleep disorders -pain, infection, obesity, cancer, HTN, migraine chronic activation of HPA axis = ? - ANSWER -chronic anxiety -HPA axis is activated by cytokines (inflammation) -increased risk of eating disorders, GI issues, immune illness, alcoholism/dr ug abuse PTSD diagnosis requirements - ANSWER all 3 must be present for at least 1mo to meet criteria: 1. intrusion (flashbacks) 2. avoidance (emotional numbing, poor social relationships) 3. hyperarousal (increased irritability, focus, and difficulty concentrating) *d/t experiencing or witnessing traumatic events -increased risk of MDD, GAD, substance abuse, and physical s/s (asthma, HTN, chronic pain) renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) - ANSWER -a coordinated system of hormones that regulate the body's blood pressure and water balance -increased vascular tone and renal retention of sodium + H2O effects of prolonged high cortisol levels - ANSWER -suppression of growth hormones -lowered TSH (weight gain) -decrease immune response