BIO 210 MODULE 1 STUDY GUIDE ACTUAL EXAM (GENETIC PORTAGE LEARNING) 2023/2024

BIO 210 MODULE 1 STUDY GUIDE ACTUAL EXAM (GENETIC PORTAGE LEARNING) 2023/2024 What 3 functions of RNA mediate the "coordinate cellular activity" function of DNA - CORRECT ANSWER-1. Transfer information from DNA to Protein Synthesis Machinery (ribosome) 2. Transfer amino acids to Protein Synthesis Machinery 3. Form peptide bonds- ribosomal RNA Name the 5 biological themes that will be encountered in this course - CORRECT ANSWER-1. Mechanistic doctrine 2. Cell Theory 3. Central Dogma of Biology 4. Gene theory of inheritance 5. Cellular Evolution What is it about the mechanistic doctrine that makes biology the most inter-disciplinary scientific discipline - CORRECT ANSWER-It draws from all other sciences and cells can be studied by chemical and physical methods What are the three statements of the cell theory - CORRECT ANSWER-1. All organisms are composed of cells 2. All cells come from pre-existing cells 3. Chemical reactions responsible for life take place within cells If the latest Mars rover, Curiosity, found a mummified organism and demonstrated it was composed of cells, would that increase the generality of the cell theory - CORRECT ANSWER-No, because it would confirm that all organisms are composed of cells In Crick's Central Dogma information can flow back and forth between two macromolecules but only one way between the second and third. Name the information flow that is uni-directional - CORRECT ANSWER-RNA-> Protein Mendel proposed pairs of inherited factors that we now call genes. What is a current definition of a gene - CORRECT ANSWER-Organismal characteristics determined by discrete segments of DNA How many copies of each gene does a sexually reproducing organism generally have - CORRECT ANSWER-2 In this course we will study cells, organelles, macromolecules, monomeric components of macromolecules, and atoms. Can studying organelles help us understand better how cells work or how macromolecules work - CORRECT ANSWER-It can help us better understand how cells work What is the chemical definition of an element - CORRECT ANSWER-A substance that can't be broken down into another substance by chemical reactions Which four elements account for 96% of living matter - CORRECT ANSWER-1. Carbon 2. Oxygen 3. Hydrogen 4. Nitrogen What is the smallest unit of an element that retains the chemical properties of that element - CORRECT ANSWER-An atom What does an atom lose to become positively charged - CORRECT ANSWER-An electron What does an atom gain to become negatively charged - CORRECT ANSWER-An electron An atom is composed of a nucleus surrounded by electrons. Which part of the atom contains almost all the mass - CORRECT ANSWER-The nucleus What is a term to describe the outermost electrons of an atom - CORRECT ANSWERValence electrons Given an atom with 16 electrons, how many protons would be found in the nucleus - CORRECT ANSWER-16 In the atom above (16 electrons, 16 protons) how many neutrons would you predict could be found in that nucleus - CORRECT ANSWER-16 (element is sulfur) There are three isotopes of the element carbon (C). 12C is the most common, 13C is a stable isotope, while 14C is an unstable, radioisotope. Which atomic mass is closest to the mass for carbon found in the periodic table - CORRECT ANSWER-Carbon 12 (12C) Electrons found closer to the nucleus of an atom have which, a higher or lower energy, than electrons found farther from that nucleus - CORRECT ANSWER-higher energy What is the predicted valence of an atom with 4 electrons in its outermost energy shell - CORRECT ANSWER-4 If the valence of a nitrogen atom is 3, how many covalent bonds can nitrogen typically form - CORRECT ANSWER-3 bonds Nam the three chemical bonds you have to know for this course - CORRECT ANSWER-1. Covalent bonds 2. Ionic bonds 3. Hydrogen bonds Which chemical bond involves sharing pairs of electrons between atoms - CORRECT ANSWER-Covalent bonds Which chemical bond results from partially positive and partially negative parts of a molecule interacting with partially negative or positive, respectively, parts of another molecule - CORRECT ANSWER-Hydrogen bonds Which chemical bond is the strongest - CORRECT ANSWER-Covalent bonds Which chemical bond is the weakest - CORRECT ANSWER-Van der Waals Forces (ionic and hydrogen bonds from the 3 needed to know) What is the difference in energy between an ionic bond and a hydrogen bond - CORRECT ANSWER-Their bond energy is the same 3-7 kcal/mol Which chemical bond results from the opposite charges of positive and negatively charged ions attracting each other - CORRECT ANSWER-Ionic bonds Comparison of the properties of H2S and H2Te predict H2O will be liquid over an 11 degree range. What property of H2O molecules is invoked to rationalize the 100 degree range for liquid water - CORRECT ANSWER-Hydrogen bonds When water molecules surround a negatively charged chloride ion (Cl-), what portion of the molecule is oriented toward the ion - CORRECT ANSWER-The hydrogen atoms (H+) The spacing of the 4 covalent bonds in carbon atoms results in carbon-containing, or organic, molecules having distinct shapes. What role does the shape play in molecular recognition - CORRECT ANSWER-It shows what orbitals are being used and how a molecule is bonded Draw the general structure for an aldehyde - CORRECT ANSWERDraw the general structure for a ketone - CORRECT ANSWERDraw the general structure for a carboxyl group - CORRECT ANSWER