History of Java Language
• java is related to C++.
• java’s syntax is derived by C
FORTRAN
● Fortran is a computer programming language that is extensively used in numerical, scientific
computing.
● Contraction of Formula Translation.
● Fortran developed in early 1950s
● Mostly used for organizations such as weather forecasters, financial trading, and in
engineering simulations.
● It is a compiled language. (Compiler produces a program written in assembly language)
● compiler means that, takes all the code in one go, coverts code into machine language, gives to
systems for processing, and share output with user.
● If an error comes in, the program won’t get executed and there’s no output.
● It is mostly an outdated programming language.
Although FORTRAN could not be used to write efficient programs for scientific appplications, it was
not very good for system code.
BASIC
• Stands for Beginner’s All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code.
• Originally designed as an interactive mainframe time sharing language by John Kemeney and
Thomas Kurtz in 1963.
• It is a high -level language that can be easily learned.
• it widely used for personal computers.
• It can be learned quickly.
• Its statements are easy to read by other programmers and supports many OS.
• A popular version of BASIC is QBASIC.
• Microsoft’s Visual Basic (VB) adds object-oriented features and a graphical user interface to the
standard BASIC.
While BASIC was easy to learn, it wasn’t very powerful, and it’s lack of structure made its usefulness
questionable for large programs.
Another compounding problem was that early computer languages such as BASIC, COBOL, and
FORTRAN were not designed around structured principles.
Structured Programming Approach
• A programming approach in which the program is made as a single structure. It means that the
code will execute the instruction by instruction one after the other.
• It doesn’t support GOTO statement.
• Therefore, the instructions in this approach will be executed in a serial and structured manner.
• There are different languages that support the SPA:C, C++, Java, C#
• the entry and exit in a structured program is a single-time event.
• Advantages of structured programming approach:
• easier to read and understand
• user friendly
, • easier to maintain
• mainly problems based instead of being machine based.
• Development is easier as it required less effort and time.
• Easier to debug (debug means the process of finding and fixing errors or bugs in the cource
code of any software)
• machine-independent mostly.
Disadvantages of structured programming approach
• it takes some time to covert to machine code.
• The program depends to upon changeable factors like data-types.
GOTO statement
• The c goto statement is a jump statement which is sometimes also referred to as a unconditional
jump statement.
• It used to jump from one statement from another statement from anywhere.
Disadvantages of using goto statement:
• The use of goto statement is highly discouraged as it makes the program logic very complex.
• The use of goto makes tracing the flow of the program very difficult.
As a result, programs written using these languages tended to produce the “spaghetti code”.
Spaghetti code
• it was being used to describe a tangled mass of code lacking structure.
• It caused by factors like unclear project scope of work, lack of experience and planning, an
inability to conform a project to programming style rules, and a number of other seemingly
small errors.
• This usually results in unplanned coding structures that favor GOTO statements over
programming constructs, resulting in a program that is not maintainable in a long-run.
, Pascal Programming language
• Pascal is a procedural programming language, designed in 1968 and published in 1970 by
Niklaus Wirth and named in honour of the French mathematician and philosopher Blaise Pascal.
• Pascal runs on a variety of platforms, such as Windows, Mac OS, and various versions of
UNIX/Linux.
• During the late 1970s and ’80s, Pascal was one of the most widely used languages for
programming instruction. It was available on nearly all computers, and, because of its
familiarity, clarity, and security, it was used for production software as well as for education.
• Pascal is a general-purpose, high-level language.
• Pascal is Algol-based language and includes many constructs of Algol. Algol 60 is a subset of
Pascal. Pascal offers several data types and programming structures. It is easy to understand and
maintain the Pascal programs.
• There are many features found in Pascal;
• Pascal is a strongly typed language.
•It offers extensive error checking.
•It offers several data types like arrays, records, files and sets.
•It offers a variety of programming structures.
•It supports structured programming through functions and procedures.
•It supports object oriented programming.
• While languages like Pascal are structured, they were not designed for efficiency, and failed to
include certain features necessary to make them applicable to a wide range of programs.
C programming language
• C is a general-purpose, procedural, imperative computer programming language developed in
1972 by Dennis M. Ritchie at the Bell Telephone Laboratories to develop the UNIX operating
system. C is the most widely used computer language.
• It keeps fluctuating at number one scale of popularity along with Java programming language,
which is also equally popular and most widely used among modern software programmers.
• C was originally first implemented on the DEC PDP-11 computer in 1972.
• C has now become a widely used professional language for various reasons:
• Easy to learn
• Structured language
• It produces efficient programs
• It can handle low-level activities
• It can be compiled on a variety of computer platforms
• C was invented to write an operating system called UNIX.
• C is a successor of B language which was introduced around the early 1970s.
• The language was formalized in 1988 by the American National Standard Institute(ANSI).
• The UNIX OS was totally written in C.
• Today C is the most widely used and popular System Programming Language.
• java is related to C++.
• java’s syntax is derived by C
FORTRAN
● Fortran is a computer programming language that is extensively used in numerical, scientific
computing.
● Contraction of Formula Translation.
● Fortran developed in early 1950s
● Mostly used for organizations such as weather forecasters, financial trading, and in
engineering simulations.
● It is a compiled language. (Compiler produces a program written in assembly language)
● compiler means that, takes all the code in one go, coverts code into machine language, gives to
systems for processing, and share output with user.
● If an error comes in, the program won’t get executed and there’s no output.
● It is mostly an outdated programming language.
Although FORTRAN could not be used to write efficient programs for scientific appplications, it was
not very good for system code.
BASIC
• Stands for Beginner’s All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code.
• Originally designed as an interactive mainframe time sharing language by John Kemeney and
Thomas Kurtz in 1963.
• It is a high -level language that can be easily learned.
• it widely used for personal computers.
• It can be learned quickly.
• Its statements are easy to read by other programmers and supports many OS.
• A popular version of BASIC is QBASIC.
• Microsoft’s Visual Basic (VB) adds object-oriented features and a graphical user interface to the
standard BASIC.
While BASIC was easy to learn, it wasn’t very powerful, and it’s lack of structure made its usefulness
questionable for large programs.
Another compounding problem was that early computer languages such as BASIC, COBOL, and
FORTRAN were not designed around structured principles.
Structured Programming Approach
• A programming approach in which the program is made as a single structure. It means that the
code will execute the instruction by instruction one after the other.
• It doesn’t support GOTO statement.
• Therefore, the instructions in this approach will be executed in a serial and structured manner.
• There are different languages that support the SPA:C, C++, Java, C#
• the entry and exit in a structured program is a single-time event.
• Advantages of structured programming approach:
• easier to read and understand
• user friendly
, • easier to maintain
• mainly problems based instead of being machine based.
• Development is easier as it required less effort and time.
• Easier to debug (debug means the process of finding and fixing errors or bugs in the cource
code of any software)
• machine-independent mostly.
Disadvantages of structured programming approach
• it takes some time to covert to machine code.
• The program depends to upon changeable factors like data-types.
GOTO statement
• The c goto statement is a jump statement which is sometimes also referred to as a unconditional
jump statement.
• It used to jump from one statement from another statement from anywhere.
Disadvantages of using goto statement:
• The use of goto statement is highly discouraged as it makes the program logic very complex.
• The use of goto makes tracing the flow of the program very difficult.
As a result, programs written using these languages tended to produce the “spaghetti code”.
Spaghetti code
• it was being used to describe a tangled mass of code lacking structure.
• It caused by factors like unclear project scope of work, lack of experience and planning, an
inability to conform a project to programming style rules, and a number of other seemingly
small errors.
• This usually results in unplanned coding structures that favor GOTO statements over
programming constructs, resulting in a program that is not maintainable in a long-run.
, Pascal Programming language
• Pascal is a procedural programming language, designed in 1968 and published in 1970 by
Niklaus Wirth and named in honour of the French mathematician and philosopher Blaise Pascal.
• Pascal runs on a variety of platforms, such as Windows, Mac OS, and various versions of
UNIX/Linux.
• During the late 1970s and ’80s, Pascal was one of the most widely used languages for
programming instruction. It was available on nearly all computers, and, because of its
familiarity, clarity, and security, it was used for production software as well as for education.
• Pascal is a general-purpose, high-level language.
• Pascal is Algol-based language and includes many constructs of Algol. Algol 60 is a subset of
Pascal. Pascal offers several data types and programming structures. It is easy to understand and
maintain the Pascal programs.
• There are many features found in Pascal;
• Pascal is a strongly typed language.
•It offers extensive error checking.
•It offers several data types like arrays, records, files and sets.
•It offers a variety of programming structures.
•It supports structured programming through functions and procedures.
•It supports object oriented programming.
• While languages like Pascal are structured, they were not designed for efficiency, and failed to
include certain features necessary to make them applicable to a wide range of programs.
C programming language
• C is a general-purpose, procedural, imperative computer programming language developed in
1972 by Dennis M. Ritchie at the Bell Telephone Laboratories to develop the UNIX operating
system. C is the most widely used computer language.
• It keeps fluctuating at number one scale of popularity along with Java programming language,
which is also equally popular and most widely used among modern software programmers.
• C was originally first implemented on the DEC PDP-11 computer in 1972.
• C has now become a widely used professional language for various reasons:
• Easy to learn
• Structured language
• It produces efficient programs
• It can handle low-level activities
• It can be compiled on a variety of computer platforms
• C was invented to write an operating system called UNIX.
• C is a successor of B language which was introduced around the early 1970s.
• The language was formalized in 1988 by the American National Standard Institute(ANSI).
• The UNIX OS was totally written in C.
• Today C is the most widely used and popular System Programming Language.
