Contents
0. TERMINOLOGY & REFERENCE LIST OF CASES ........................................................................................................... 1
0.1. TERMINOLOGY ................................................................................................................................................. 1
0.2. REFERENCE LIST OF CASES ............................................................................................................................... 2
1. INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................................................................... 9
1.1. CRITICAL HERITAGE STUDIES ........................................................................................................................... 9
1.2. ARCHITECTURAL HERITAGE: RECENT CASES .................................................................................................... 9
1.2.1. GRAVENSTEEN, GHENT ........................................................................................................................... 9
1.2.2. HET STEEN, ANTWERP .......................................................................................................................... 10
1.2.3. TOWNHALL, LEUVEN ............................................................................................................................. 10
1.2.4. STADSSCHOUWBURG, ANTWERP ......................................................................................................... 10
1.2.5. POOL, OSTEND ...................................................................................................................................... 10
1.2.6. SINT-ANNACHURCH, GHENT ................................................................................................................. 10
1.2.7. MODERNIST HOUSES, WATERMAAL-BOSVOORDE ............................................................................... 10
1.3. ARCHITECTS’ JOB TODAY................................................................................................................................ 11
1.4. THE CASE OF THE NOTRE-DAME OF PARIS .................................................................................................... 11
1.5. ARCHITECTURAL CONSERVATION/MONUMENTENZORG .............................................................................. 12
1.5.1. ARCHITECTURAL CONSERVATION IN ITS MOST ELEMENTARY FORM ................................................... 12
1.5.2. THE PAST IS A FOREIGN COUNTRY BY DAVID LOWENTHAL .................................................................. 14
2. ANTIQUITY AND THE MIDDLE AGES ........................................................................................................................ 15
2.1. GREECE (700 BCE – 150 BCE) ......................................................................................................................... 15
2.1.1. CONSERVATION PRACTICES................................................................................................................... 15
2.2. ROME: CLASSICAL PERIOD (500 BCS – 300) ................................................................................................... 15
2.2.1. MONUMENTUM AND PIETAS ............................................................................................................... 15
2.2.2. PLUNDERING OF MONUMENTS FROM OTHER COUNTRIES ................................................................. 16
2.3. ROME: EARLY CHRISTIAN PERIOD (300 – 600)............................................................................................... 16
2.3.1. REUSE AND SPOLIA ............................................................................................................................... 17
2.3.2. COUNTER-REACTION AGAINST SPOLIA ................................................................................................. 18
2.3.3. CONVERSION INTO CHURCHES ............................................................................................................. 18
2.3.4. NEGLECT AND DECAY ............................................................................................................................ 20
2.4. MIDDLE AGES ................................................................................................................................................. 21
2.4.1. CONVERSION AND ADAPTIVE REUSE .................................................................................................... 21
2.4.2. SPOLIA ................................................................................................................................................... 22
2.4.3. PLUNDERING, SPOLIA AS WAR LOOT .................................................................................................... 24
3. RENAISSANCE .......................................................................................................................................................... 25
3.1. COLLECTING AND RESTORING ANTIQUITIES.................................................................................................. 25
3.1.1. EARLY COLLECTIONS .............................................................................................................................. 25
1
, 3.1.2. WHAT TO DO WITH MUTILATED ANTIQUE SCULPTURES ...................................................................... 25
3.1.3. RESTORATIONS: MIXTURE OF OLD AND NEW....................................................................................... 28
3.1.4. FAKE ANTIQUITIES ................................................................................................................................. 29
3.1.5. REDISCOVERY OF ANTIQUITIES ............................................................................................................. 29
3.2. ARCHITTECTURE ALL’ANTICA ......................................................................................................................... 29
3.2.1. SPOLIA ................................................................................................................................................... 29
3.2.2. ADAPTIVE REUSE ................................................................................................................................... 30
3.3. STUDY OF CLASSICAL ARCHITECTURE: ‘PROTO-ARCHEOLOGY’, ‘PROTO-CONSERVATION’ ............................ 31
3.3.1. ARCHITECTURAL TREATISES .................................................................................................................. 31
3.3.2. RAPHAEL AND THE PROTECTION OF ANCIENT MONUMENTS .............................................................. 31
3.3.3. RAPHAEL’S LETTER TO POPE LEO X (1519) ............................................................................................ 32
3.4. PARADOXICAL ATTITUDE TOWARD ANCIENT MONUMENTS ......................................................................... 34
3.4.1. MOVING THE VATICAN OBELISK............................................................................................................ 34
3.4.2. OBELISK WAS TRANSFORMED FROM PAGAN INTO CHRISTIAN MONUMENT ...................................... 35
3.4.3. OTHER BASILISKS ALSO RESTORED & MOVED ...................................................................................... 35
3.4.4. PARADOXICAL ATTITUDE ....................................................................................................................... 35
4. REASON, ROMANTICISM AND REVOLUTION (1600-1850) ...................................................................................... 36
4.1. SPOLIA TODAY ................................................................................................................................................ 36
4.1.1. MARCEL RAYMAEKERS: PIONEER IN CIRCULAR ARCHITECTURE ........................................................... 36
4.2. BAROQUE (1600-1750) .................................................................................................................................. 36
4.2.1. OBELISKS IN THE 17TH CENTURY............................................................................................................ 37
4.3. THA AGE OF REASON (1680-1800) ................................................................................................................ 38
4.3.1. CONTROVERSIAL RESTORATION OF THE PANTHEON’S INTERIOR ......................................................... 38
4.3.2. OBELISKS IN THE 18TH CENTURY............................................................................................................ 39
4.4. THE AGE OF ROMANTICISM (1750-1850) ...................................................................................................... 39
4.4.1. CASPAR DAVID FRIEDRICH ..................................................................................................................... 41
4.5. FROM REVOLUTION TO STYLISTIC RESTORATION (1789-1850) ..................................................................... 42
4.5.1. AFTERMATH OF FRENCH REVOLUTION AND ITS LARGE-SCALE DESTRUCTIONS................................... 42
4.5.2. CONSERVATION VS RESTORATION: CONTRASTING VIEWS (CIRCA 1850) ............................................. 43
4.6. OBELISKS IN THE 19TH CENTURY .................................................................................................................... 44
5. CONSERVATION IN BELGIUM................................................................................................................................... 46
5.1. BOERENTOREN, ANTWERP & THE CHARTER OF VENICE ............................................................................... 46
5.2. 1830-1860 ...................................................................................................................................................... 46
5.2.1. SUYS (1783-1861).................................................................................................................................. 46
5.2.2. CITY HALL, 15TH CENTURY, LEUVEN ....................................................................................................... 47
5.2.3. SAINT SALVATOR’S CATHEDRAL, 12TH CENTURY, BRUGES ..................................................................... 47
5.2.4. BELFRY, 14TH CENTURY, GHENT ............................................................................................................. 48
5.3. 1850-1900 ...................................................................................................................................................... 48
2
, 5.3.1. HALLEPOORT, 14TH CENTURY, BRUSSELS ............................................................................................. 48
5.3.2. MAISON DU ROI, 16TH CENTURY, BRUSSELS .......................................................................................... 48
5.3.3. CHURCH OF NOTRE-DAME DU SABLON, 15TH CENTURY, BRUSSELS .................................................... 49
5.3.4. KASTEEL DE HAAR, MIDDLE AGES, UTRECHT ........................................................................................ 49
5.4. 1884-1914 ...................................................................................................................................................... 49
5.4.1. GRAVENSTEEN, 12TH CENTURY, GHENT ................................................................................................. 50
5.4.2. ABBEY OF VILLERS-LA-VILLE, 12TH CENTURY, VILLERS-LA-VILLA .......................................................... 50
5.5. 1914-1940 ...................................................................................................................................................... 50
5.5.1. CLOTH HALL & CATHEDRAL, 13TH CENTURY, YPRES ............................................................................... 51
5.5.2. CHICAGO TRIBUNE TOWER, 1923-1925, CHICAGO............................................................................... 51
5.5.3. SINT-ROMBOUT CATHEDRAL, MECHELEN ............................................................................................. 51
5.6. 1945-1989 ...................................................................................................................................................... 51
5.7. 1989 - … ......................................................................................................................................................... 52
5.7.1. RECTORATE BUILDING VUB, BRAEM, 1971-1978, BRUSSELS ................................................................ 52
6. INTERNATIONAL CHARTERS .................................................................................................................................... 53
6.1. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................................. 53
6.1.1. INSTITUTIONS........................................................................................................................................ 53
6.1.2. CHARTERS.............................................................................................................................................. 53
6.2. 1850-1930: PERIOD BEFORE THE CHARTERS ................................................................................................. 54
6.2.1. EXAMPLES ............................................................................................................................................. 54
6.3. ATHENS CHARTER FOR THE RESTORATION OF HISTORIC MONUMENTS (1931) ........................................... 55
6.3.1. EXAMPLES ............................................................................................................................................. 56
6.4. VENICE CHARTER FOR THE CONSERVATION AND RESTORATION OF MONUMENTS AND SITES (1964) ........ 56
6.4.1. FOLLOW-UP CHARTERS ......................................................................................................................... 57
6.4.2. EXAMPLES ............................................................................................................................................. 58
6.5. UNESCO CONV. FOR THE PROTECTION OF THE WORLD CULTURAL AND NATURAL HERITAGE (1972) .......... 58
6.5.1. CAUSE OF EMERGENCE OF THIS CONVENTION .................................................................................... 58
6.5.2. CONTENT ............................................................................................................................................... 59
6.6. BURRA CHARTER FOR PLACES OF CULTURAL SIGNIFICANCE (2013) ............................................................. 59
6.7. NARA DOCUMENT ON AUTHENTICITY (1994) ............................................................................................... 60
6.7.1. PROBLEM WITH VENICE CHARTER ........................................................................................................ 60
6.7.2. CONTENT ............................................................................................................................................... 60
6.7.3. EXAMPLES ............................................................................................................................................. 61
6.8. RIGA CHARTER ON AUTHENTICITY AND HISTORICAL RECONSTRUCTION ..................................................... 62
6.8.1. CONTENT ............................................................................................................................................... 62
6.8.2. EXAMPLES ............................................................................................................................................. 62
6.9. TODAY? .......................................................................................................................................................... 63
3
, 0. TERMINOLOGY & REFERENCE LIST OF CASES
0.1. TERMINOLOGY
ADAPTATION/ADAPTIVE REUSE: make CHANGES to a historic building to ACCOMMODATE a new use
- See: conversion
ANASTYLOSIS: REASSEMBLING a RUINED building using its ORIGINAL ELEMENTS as much as possible
- Only using new materials when necessary
- Ensuring there’s a clear distinction between the original & new materials
CONSERVATION: umbrella term
- = all interventions made to safeguard architectural heritage
- Burra Charter: ALL PROCESSES of LOOKING AFTER a place to retain its cultural significance
- Can be
o Maintenance
o Preservation
o Restoration
o Reconstruction
o Adaptation
o Combination of these interventions
CONSOLIDATION: physical interventions to STOP FURTHER DECAY and STRUCTURAL INSTABILITY
CONVERSION/RECONVERSION: CHANGE FUNCTION of a building
- Ex: convert a church into a concert hall
- If alterations are made TO MEET NEW REQUIREMENTS = adaptation/adaptive reuse
DERESTORATION: REMOVE HISTORICAL RESTORATION
- Bcs it’s now considered BAD PRACTICE
FACADISM: PRESERVING ONLY the FAÇADE & constructing a NEW BUILDING BEHIND it
MAINTENANCE: CONTINUOUS PROTECTIVE CARE of a building
- >< repair = involves restoration or reconstruction
PRESERVATION: MAINTAIN a building in ITS EXISTING FORM & CONDITION
RECONSTRUCTION: RECREATING (parts of) a building that NO LONGER EXISTS
- Based on HISTORICAL/ARCHEOLOGICAL EVIDENCE
- Often after a disaster (fire, war, earthquake …)
- IDENTICAL RECONSTRUCTION/RECONSTRUCTION A L’IDENTIQUE
o Recreating to a state AS CLOSE AS POSSIBLE to the original
o PROBLEM: evidence is incomplete → reconstruction isn’t identical to the OG
- Replica & relocation = forms of reconstruction
1
, RELOCATION: MOVING a building to a NEW LOCATION
- Moved as a whole or be dismantled & reassembled
- Can be justified when building cannot be protected any other way
RENOVATION: MAKING CHANGES to a building to IMPROVE its condition or EXTEND its life
- Not trying to be historically accurate
o Can result in inappropriate alternations or the elimination of details
- >< restoration: is historically accurate
REPLICA: a FACSIMILE COPY of an EXISTING BUILDING
- Often to DISPLAY it
- Examples
o Part of the building: statue moved to a museum & replaced by a replica on the building
o Entire building: full-scale copy
- When building is lost & replicated = form of reconstruction
RESTORATION: MAKING CHANGES to a building with HISTORICAL ACCURACY
- Goal = to look like its original state/its state at a specific time
- >< renovation: not trying to be historically accurate
- >< reconstruction bcs restoration = broader concept
o Ex: cleaning, removing features from another period, replacing missing details
STABILISATION: STRENGTHENING a building’s STRUCTURE or MATERIALS
- To improve its stability
0.2. REFERENCE LIST OF CASES
Cathedral of Notre-Dame, 12th century, Paris
Restoration by Viollet-le-Duc, 1844-1870
Gothic building was restored
- Added new elements (ex: spire)
Hallepoort, 14th century, Brussels
Restoration by Hendrik Beyaert, 1863-1870
Added new elements to building
- Ex: turrets
Maison du Roi (Broodhuis), 16th century, Brussels
Restoration by Pierre-Victor Jamaer, 1874-1885
Partially rebuild too
2
0. TERMINOLOGY & REFERENCE LIST OF CASES ........................................................................................................... 1
0.1. TERMINOLOGY ................................................................................................................................................. 1
0.2. REFERENCE LIST OF CASES ............................................................................................................................... 2
1. INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................................................................... 9
1.1. CRITICAL HERITAGE STUDIES ........................................................................................................................... 9
1.2. ARCHITECTURAL HERITAGE: RECENT CASES .................................................................................................... 9
1.2.1. GRAVENSTEEN, GHENT ........................................................................................................................... 9
1.2.2. HET STEEN, ANTWERP .......................................................................................................................... 10
1.2.3. TOWNHALL, LEUVEN ............................................................................................................................. 10
1.2.4. STADSSCHOUWBURG, ANTWERP ......................................................................................................... 10
1.2.5. POOL, OSTEND ...................................................................................................................................... 10
1.2.6. SINT-ANNACHURCH, GHENT ................................................................................................................. 10
1.2.7. MODERNIST HOUSES, WATERMAAL-BOSVOORDE ............................................................................... 10
1.3. ARCHITECTS’ JOB TODAY................................................................................................................................ 11
1.4. THE CASE OF THE NOTRE-DAME OF PARIS .................................................................................................... 11
1.5. ARCHITECTURAL CONSERVATION/MONUMENTENZORG .............................................................................. 12
1.5.1. ARCHITECTURAL CONSERVATION IN ITS MOST ELEMENTARY FORM ................................................... 12
1.5.2. THE PAST IS A FOREIGN COUNTRY BY DAVID LOWENTHAL .................................................................. 14
2. ANTIQUITY AND THE MIDDLE AGES ........................................................................................................................ 15
2.1. GREECE (700 BCE – 150 BCE) ......................................................................................................................... 15
2.1.1. CONSERVATION PRACTICES................................................................................................................... 15
2.2. ROME: CLASSICAL PERIOD (500 BCS – 300) ................................................................................................... 15
2.2.1. MONUMENTUM AND PIETAS ............................................................................................................... 15
2.2.2. PLUNDERING OF MONUMENTS FROM OTHER COUNTRIES ................................................................. 16
2.3. ROME: EARLY CHRISTIAN PERIOD (300 – 600)............................................................................................... 16
2.3.1. REUSE AND SPOLIA ............................................................................................................................... 17
2.3.2. COUNTER-REACTION AGAINST SPOLIA ................................................................................................. 18
2.3.3. CONVERSION INTO CHURCHES ............................................................................................................. 18
2.3.4. NEGLECT AND DECAY ............................................................................................................................ 20
2.4. MIDDLE AGES ................................................................................................................................................. 21
2.4.1. CONVERSION AND ADAPTIVE REUSE .................................................................................................... 21
2.4.2. SPOLIA ................................................................................................................................................... 22
2.4.3. PLUNDERING, SPOLIA AS WAR LOOT .................................................................................................... 24
3. RENAISSANCE .......................................................................................................................................................... 25
3.1. COLLECTING AND RESTORING ANTIQUITIES.................................................................................................. 25
3.1.1. EARLY COLLECTIONS .............................................................................................................................. 25
1
, 3.1.2. WHAT TO DO WITH MUTILATED ANTIQUE SCULPTURES ...................................................................... 25
3.1.3. RESTORATIONS: MIXTURE OF OLD AND NEW....................................................................................... 28
3.1.4. FAKE ANTIQUITIES ................................................................................................................................. 29
3.1.5. REDISCOVERY OF ANTIQUITIES ............................................................................................................. 29
3.2. ARCHITTECTURE ALL’ANTICA ......................................................................................................................... 29
3.2.1. SPOLIA ................................................................................................................................................... 29
3.2.2. ADAPTIVE REUSE ................................................................................................................................... 30
3.3. STUDY OF CLASSICAL ARCHITECTURE: ‘PROTO-ARCHEOLOGY’, ‘PROTO-CONSERVATION’ ............................ 31
3.3.1. ARCHITECTURAL TREATISES .................................................................................................................. 31
3.3.2. RAPHAEL AND THE PROTECTION OF ANCIENT MONUMENTS .............................................................. 31
3.3.3. RAPHAEL’S LETTER TO POPE LEO X (1519) ............................................................................................ 32
3.4. PARADOXICAL ATTITUDE TOWARD ANCIENT MONUMENTS ......................................................................... 34
3.4.1. MOVING THE VATICAN OBELISK............................................................................................................ 34
3.4.2. OBELISK WAS TRANSFORMED FROM PAGAN INTO CHRISTIAN MONUMENT ...................................... 35
3.4.3. OTHER BASILISKS ALSO RESTORED & MOVED ...................................................................................... 35
3.4.4. PARADOXICAL ATTITUDE ....................................................................................................................... 35
4. REASON, ROMANTICISM AND REVOLUTION (1600-1850) ...................................................................................... 36
4.1. SPOLIA TODAY ................................................................................................................................................ 36
4.1.1. MARCEL RAYMAEKERS: PIONEER IN CIRCULAR ARCHITECTURE ........................................................... 36
4.2. BAROQUE (1600-1750) .................................................................................................................................. 36
4.2.1. OBELISKS IN THE 17TH CENTURY............................................................................................................ 37
4.3. THA AGE OF REASON (1680-1800) ................................................................................................................ 38
4.3.1. CONTROVERSIAL RESTORATION OF THE PANTHEON’S INTERIOR ......................................................... 38
4.3.2. OBELISKS IN THE 18TH CENTURY............................................................................................................ 39
4.4. THE AGE OF ROMANTICISM (1750-1850) ...................................................................................................... 39
4.4.1. CASPAR DAVID FRIEDRICH ..................................................................................................................... 41
4.5. FROM REVOLUTION TO STYLISTIC RESTORATION (1789-1850) ..................................................................... 42
4.5.1. AFTERMATH OF FRENCH REVOLUTION AND ITS LARGE-SCALE DESTRUCTIONS................................... 42
4.5.2. CONSERVATION VS RESTORATION: CONTRASTING VIEWS (CIRCA 1850) ............................................. 43
4.6. OBELISKS IN THE 19TH CENTURY .................................................................................................................... 44
5. CONSERVATION IN BELGIUM................................................................................................................................... 46
5.1. BOERENTOREN, ANTWERP & THE CHARTER OF VENICE ............................................................................... 46
5.2. 1830-1860 ...................................................................................................................................................... 46
5.2.1. SUYS (1783-1861).................................................................................................................................. 46
5.2.2. CITY HALL, 15TH CENTURY, LEUVEN ....................................................................................................... 47
5.2.3. SAINT SALVATOR’S CATHEDRAL, 12TH CENTURY, BRUGES ..................................................................... 47
5.2.4. BELFRY, 14TH CENTURY, GHENT ............................................................................................................. 48
5.3. 1850-1900 ...................................................................................................................................................... 48
2
, 5.3.1. HALLEPOORT, 14TH CENTURY, BRUSSELS ............................................................................................. 48
5.3.2. MAISON DU ROI, 16TH CENTURY, BRUSSELS .......................................................................................... 48
5.3.3. CHURCH OF NOTRE-DAME DU SABLON, 15TH CENTURY, BRUSSELS .................................................... 49
5.3.4. KASTEEL DE HAAR, MIDDLE AGES, UTRECHT ........................................................................................ 49
5.4. 1884-1914 ...................................................................................................................................................... 49
5.4.1. GRAVENSTEEN, 12TH CENTURY, GHENT ................................................................................................. 50
5.4.2. ABBEY OF VILLERS-LA-VILLE, 12TH CENTURY, VILLERS-LA-VILLA .......................................................... 50
5.5. 1914-1940 ...................................................................................................................................................... 50
5.5.1. CLOTH HALL & CATHEDRAL, 13TH CENTURY, YPRES ............................................................................... 51
5.5.2. CHICAGO TRIBUNE TOWER, 1923-1925, CHICAGO............................................................................... 51
5.5.3. SINT-ROMBOUT CATHEDRAL, MECHELEN ............................................................................................. 51
5.6. 1945-1989 ...................................................................................................................................................... 51
5.7. 1989 - … ......................................................................................................................................................... 52
5.7.1. RECTORATE BUILDING VUB, BRAEM, 1971-1978, BRUSSELS ................................................................ 52
6. INTERNATIONAL CHARTERS .................................................................................................................................... 53
6.1. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................................. 53
6.1.1. INSTITUTIONS........................................................................................................................................ 53
6.1.2. CHARTERS.............................................................................................................................................. 53
6.2. 1850-1930: PERIOD BEFORE THE CHARTERS ................................................................................................. 54
6.2.1. EXAMPLES ............................................................................................................................................. 54
6.3. ATHENS CHARTER FOR THE RESTORATION OF HISTORIC MONUMENTS (1931) ........................................... 55
6.3.1. EXAMPLES ............................................................................................................................................. 56
6.4. VENICE CHARTER FOR THE CONSERVATION AND RESTORATION OF MONUMENTS AND SITES (1964) ........ 56
6.4.1. FOLLOW-UP CHARTERS ......................................................................................................................... 57
6.4.2. EXAMPLES ............................................................................................................................................. 58
6.5. UNESCO CONV. FOR THE PROTECTION OF THE WORLD CULTURAL AND NATURAL HERITAGE (1972) .......... 58
6.5.1. CAUSE OF EMERGENCE OF THIS CONVENTION .................................................................................... 58
6.5.2. CONTENT ............................................................................................................................................... 59
6.6. BURRA CHARTER FOR PLACES OF CULTURAL SIGNIFICANCE (2013) ............................................................. 59
6.7. NARA DOCUMENT ON AUTHENTICITY (1994) ............................................................................................... 60
6.7.1. PROBLEM WITH VENICE CHARTER ........................................................................................................ 60
6.7.2. CONTENT ............................................................................................................................................... 60
6.7.3. EXAMPLES ............................................................................................................................................. 61
6.8. RIGA CHARTER ON AUTHENTICITY AND HISTORICAL RECONSTRUCTION ..................................................... 62
6.8.1. CONTENT ............................................................................................................................................... 62
6.8.2. EXAMPLES ............................................................................................................................................. 62
6.9. TODAY? .......................................................................................................................................................... 63
3
, 0. TERMINOLOGY & REFERENCE LIST OF CASES
0.1. TERMINOLOGY
ADAPTATION/ADAPTIVE REUSE: make CHANGES to a historic building to ACCOMMODATE a new use
- See: conversion
ANASTYLOSIS: REASSEMBLING a RUINED building using its ORIGINAL ELEMENTS as much as possible
- Only using new materials when necessary
- Ensuring there’s a clear distinction between the original & new materials
CONSERVATION: umbrella term
- = all interventions made to safeguard architectural heritage
- Burra Charter: ALL PROCESSES of LOOKING AFTER a place to retain its cultural significance
- Can be
o Maintenance
o Preservation
o Restoration
o Reconstruction
o Adaptation
o Combination of these interventions
CONSOLIDATION: physical interventions to STOP FURTHER DECAY and STRUCTURAL INSTABILITY
CONVERSION/RECONVERSION: CHANGE FUNCTION of a building
- Ex: convert a church into a concert hall
- If alterations are made TO MEET NEW REQUIREMENTS = adaptation/adaptive reuse
DERESTORATION: REMOVE HISTORICAL RESTORATION
- Bcs it’s now considered BAD PRACTICE
FACADISM: PRESERVING ONLY the FAÇADE & constructing a NEW BUILDING BEHIND it
MAINTENANCE: CONTINUOUS PROTECTIVE CARE of a building
- >< repair = involves restoration or reconstruction
PRESERVATION: MAINTAIN a building in ITS EXISTING FORM & CONDITION
RECONSTRUCTION: RECREATING (parts of) a building that NO LONGER EXISTS
- Based on HISTORICAL/ARCHEOLOGICAL EVIDENCE
- Often after a disaster (fire, war, earthquake …)
- IDENTICAL RECONSTRUCTION/RECONSTRUCTION A L’IDENTIQUE
o Recreating to a state AS CLOSE AS POSSIBLE to the original
o PROBLEM: evidence is incomplete → reconstruction isn’t identical to the OG
- Replica & relocation = forms of reconstruction
1
, RELOCATION: MOVING a building to a NEW LOCATION
- Moved as a whole or be dismantled & reassembled
- Can be justified when building cannot be protected any other way
RENOVATION: MAKING CHANGES to a building to IMPROVE its condition or EXTEND its life
- Not trying to be historically accurate
o Can result in inappropriate alternations or the elimination of details
- >< restoration: is historically accurate
REPLICA: a FACSIMILE COPY of an EXISTING BUILDING
- Often to DISPLAY it
- Examples
o Part of the building: statue moved to a museum & replaced by a replica on the building
o Entire building: full-scale copy
- When building is lost & replicated = form of reconstruction
RESTORATION: MAKING CHANGES to a building with HISTORICAL ACCURACY
- Goal = to look like its original state/its state at a specific time
- >< renovation: not trying to be historically accurate
- >< reconstruction bcs restoration = broader concept
o Ex: cleaning, removing features from another period, replacing missing details
STABILISATION: STRENGTHENING a building’s STRUCTURE or MATERIALS
- To improve its stability
0.2. REFERENCE LIST OF CASES
Cathedral of Notre-Dame, 12th century, Paris
Restoration by Viollet-le-Duc, 1844-1870
Gothic building was restored
- Added new elements (ex: spire)
Hallepoort, 14th century, Brussels
Restoration by Hendrik Beyaert, 1863-1870
Added new elements to building
- Ex: turrets
Maison du Roi (Broodhuis), 16th century, Brussels
Restoration by Pierre-Victor Jamaer, 1874-1885
Partially rebuild too
2
