LAB EXAM #2 – HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY – JONATHAN ST-ONGE
LAB 5: Analyzing the Heart with ECG
• An ECG (electrocardiogram) is a graphical recording of the electrical events occurring within the heart
• The nautral pacemaker in the right atrium ( the SA or sinoatrial node) initiates an electrical sequence
• P wave represents the start of the electrical journey as the impulse spreads from the SA node downward
from the atria through the AV node to the ventricles
• The T wave results from ventricular repolarization (recovery of the ventricular muscle tissue to its
resting state)
• Angina: injury to muscle tissue
• Myocardial infarction of MI: death of muscle tissue
• P-R interval: 0.12-0.2s
• QRS interval: less than 0.12s
• Q-T interval: 0.30-0.40s
LAB 6: Lung Volumes and Capacities
• Pulmonary Fuction test (PFTT) is a common clinical test that uses a spirometer to measure how well a
patient’s lungs are working
• Spirometer: instrument that measures the amount of air that is moved during breathing
• In normal breathing at rest, approximately 1/10th of the total lung capacity is used
• Terms
o TIDAL VOLUME (TV): volume of air breathed in and out without conscious effort
o INSPIRATORY RESERVE VOLUME (IRV): additional volume of air that can be inhaled with
max. effort after a normal inspiration
o EXPIRATORY RESERVE VOLUME (ERV): additional volume of air that can be forcibly
exhaled after normal exhalation
o VITAL CAPACITY (VC): total volume of air that can be forcibly exhaled after normal
exhalation
o RESIDUAL VOLUME (RV): volume of air remaining in the lungs after maximum exhalation
(lungs can never be completely emptied)
o TOTAL LUNC CAPACITY (TLC): VC + RV
o Minute ventilation: volume of air breathed in 1 minute (Breaths/minute)
, • Forced Expiratory Volume in one second (FEV1) is the volume of air moved out of the lungs in the first
second of a forceful expiration following a maximal inspiration
o Valuable test for pulmonary function which provides an indication of how well a patient can
exhale during maximal effort
o FEV1 is typically reduced in patients with obstructive lung diseases (asthma, chronic bronchitis,
emphysema) and INCREASED in patients with restrictive lung diseases (pulmonary fibrosis)
o FEV1 % is typically 75%-85% in a healthy subject
• Specific lung capacities:
o Inspiratory Capacity (IC): max amount
of air that can be inspired after a
normal expiration (IC=TV + IRV)
o Vital Capacity (VC): max. movable
amount of air contained by the lungs
(VC=TV+IRV+ERV)
o Functional residual capacity (FRC):
amount of air LEFT in lungs after a
normal expiration (FRC=RV+ERV)
o Total Lung Capacity (TLC): total
volume that the lungs can hold during
a maximum inspiration (TLC=RV+ERV+TV+IRV)
Exposure to occupational hazards such as coal dust, silica dust, and asbestos may lead to fibrosis, or scarring of
lung tissue. With this condition, the lungs become stiff and have more “recoil.” What would happen to TLC and
VC under these conditions?
In severe emphysema there is destruction of lung tissue and reduced recoil. What would you expect to happen
to TLC and VC?
What would you expect to happen to your Expiratory Reserve Volume when you are treading water in a lake?
LAB 5: Analyzing the Heart with ECG
• An ECG (electrocardiogram) is a graphical recording of the electrical events occurring within the heart
• The nautral pacemaker in the right atrium ( the SA or sinoatrial node) initiates an electrical sequence
• P wave represents the start of the electrical journey as the impulse spreads from the SA node downward
from the atria through the AV node to the ventricles
• The T wave results from ventricular repolarization (recovery of the ventricular muscle tissue to its
resting state)
• Angina: injury to muscle tissue
• Myocardial infarction of MI: death of muscle tissue
• P-R interval: 0.12-0.2s
• QRS interval: less than 0.12s
• Q-T interval: 0.30-0.40s
LAB 6: Lung Volumes and Capacities
• Pulmonary Fuction test (PFTT) is a common clinical test that uses a spirometer to measure how well a
patient’s lungs are working
• Spirometer: instrument that measures the amount of air that is moved during breathing
• In normal breathing at rest, approximately 1/10th of the total lung capacity is used
• Terms
o TIDAL VOLUME (TV): volume of air breathed in and out without conscious effort
o INSPIRATORY RESERVE VOLUME (IRV): additional volume of air that can be inhaled with
max. effort after a normal inspiration
o EXPIRATORY RESERVE VOLUME (ERV): additional volume of air that can be forcibly
exhaled after normal exhalation
o VITAL CAPACITY (VC): total volume of air that can be forcibly exhaled after normal
exhalation
o RESIDUAL VOLUME (RV): volume of air remaining in the lungs after maximum exhalation
(lungs can never be completely emptied)
o TOTAL LUNC CAPACITY (TLC): VC + RV
o Minute ventilation: volume of air breathed in 1 minute (Breaths/minute)
, • Forced Expiratory Volume in one second (FEV1) is the volume of air moved out of the lungs in the first
second of a forceful expiration following a maximal inspiration
o Valuable test for pulmonary function which provides an indication of how well a patient can
exhale during maximal effort
o FEV1 is typically reduced in patients with obstructive lung diseases (asthma, chronic bronchitis,
emphysema) and INCREASED in patients with restrictive lung diseases (pulmonary fibrosis)
o FEV1 % is typically 75%-85% in a healthy subject
• Specific lung capacities:
o Inspiratory Capacity (IC): max amount
of air that can be inspired after a
normal expiration (IC=TV + IRV)
o Vital Capacity (VC): max. movable
amount of air contained by the lungs
(VC=TV+IRV+ERV)
o Functional residual capacity (FRC):
amount of air LEFT in lungs after a
normal expiration (FRC=RV+ERV)
o Total Lung Capacity (TLC): total
volume that the lungs can hold during
a maximum inspiration (TLC=RV+ERV+TV+IRV)
Exposure to occupational hazards such as coal dust, silica dust, and asbestos may lead to fibrosis, or scarring of
lung tissue. With this condition, the lungs become stiff and have more “recoil.” What would happen to TLC and
VC under these conditions?
In severe emphysema there is destruction of lung tissue and reduced recoil. What would you expect to happen
to TLC and VC?
What would you expect to happen to your Expiratory Reserve Volume when you are treading water in a lake?
