Summary Genetics - Life Sciences (Biology)

GREGORMENDEL
tatherotgenetics Genetics Monoitybrincrosses
Mendel's canoesegregation hstroyoneparrotcharacteristies igene
otachorganismcontainizallelestoreachcharacteristicwhich atsamelowsonhomozygousparrotchromosome
during
segregate gametewill
formationofgametes each contain DifferenttypesofDominant
oneaneletoreachcharacteristic I complete
Mennelacawofoominance at alleleisdominantoverother recessive theeffect
whenzhomozygousorganismwithcontrasting characteristic ofrecessiveallelemaskedbydominantalleleinheterozygou
condition lawofDominance
arecrossed anindividual off gendisplaydominanttrait
recessive
individualthat heterozygoustorpartinriarcharaiteristichas
y
dominanttraitasphenotype dominant



FAMILYTREE PEDIGREE z incomplete

showsinheritanieotspecitictraitinfamilies neitherottwoallelenotgenendominant

detailsofancenitryorlineage resultintermediatephenotype inheterozygous
male Amaletwithtrait Fi hasdttrgotg.ge phenotype
intermediate
female a female withtrait

3 co Dominance
SEXDETERMINATION Both
alleles
equallydominant

Human 46chromosome 23pairs Bothareexpressed
one
paircontrolsexotindividuals
male
gamete carryXchromosome
only
malegamete 50.1 x sso.ly
muchshorterthanxchromosomeWhydoesnotcarrythicomplementotallesthatiionthexchromosome Ychromosomeha
allelestorsometraitsmissingespeciallyinsexlinked
d isorders
50sochanceformate femaleoffspring


sexLinkedinheritance xlinkedinheritance
colour
blindness haemophiliamuscular
gAlbinism geneticconoitionlinkedtogenethatproducesnormal
Regime
dystrophy
pigmentationskin
hairdexeshavelittle nopigmentation

recessive iecanbeacarrier
usually


Wyn normalfemale OFGENETICTESTING
ROLE

XX genotypeauvieviphenotypenormalunaffectedfemale candeterminewhetherdisorderis dominentrecessivesiffamilymembersare
µ carriers Counselorsmaypredictchance ofpassingdetectivegenetochildren
Ny male
unaffected amniocentesis teston fluid
amniotic whilepregnant
yny male
affected

emophilia BLOODGROUPS multiple
allelesotonegene phenotype Genotype
disorder
Genetic inmates
mainly codominance AaBdominant Oli recessive A
bloodooesnotclotheasytobleedtodeath 3allelestorbloodgrouping
B pporti
4
Humans blood AIBAB O I 1AM
types phenotypes
AB
g in

, HYBRIDCROSSES MUTATIONS

twoindividualslooking
between
boss at change mistakes

ingeneticmaterialot nneritanceottwo
characteristics cell inDNA either chromosomesgenes


genes atdifflocionchromosomepair maybe by
caused environmental
agents
called
LAW OFINDEPENDENT
MIES'sradiationfromnatural
a Thecharacteristicsforwhichthegenepairoccur
TENDEL'S

ASSORTMENT onoifferenthomologouschromosomeswillbe fromartificialsources
radiation
sources
characteristic
heallelsotageneforone inheritedindependently ofeachother
egregatesindependently ofthealleles Differenttypesofmutations
tageneforanothercharacteristic
type mat inovumsperm
fertilised
come
healleistorthezgenestherefore together Harmful DNAerrors
changesin changesinana
andomlyouringgameteformation inproteinseauencing errorsinprotein
a scavenging
non
partiallycompletely completelypartially

functional
proteins nonfunctional
celidestbutlittleetfecton can
causehereditary
oneaselsicklacell
anaemiahaemophilia
chromosomal organismunlesscause
mutations
H
Genemutations b ecomecancerous
cento canpassmutationto
nextgen
changeinstructureot changeinnormal
structure sadisordercavies
toolent
geneuiveruitotchangein no ofchromosomesoforganism organism
won'treproduces
DNAsequenceofNbases aposableinallouganums mutationend
individual
genes ofgene
serious effectdistribution
Harmless littleinoettestonstructure littlenoetterton
canbe
harmless ingametesouringmelons artunctioningorsell structurefunctioning
oforganum
canchangeproteinsynthesised anondisjunction
advantagouito
functionof
affect protein Downsyndrome 4 chromosomes useful advantageousto
organismwhen
censhenietheorganum environmentconditions
possibleonorders
can
changesthey
Haemophilia noproteinneedforclotting survive

colorblindness
noproteinmakingup maybe passedto
offspring
reolyreenphotoreceptorsinexe



MUTATIONS SGENETICVARIATIONSNATURALSELECTION
environmentalconditionchange organumwith
favourable

characteristicsurvive
reprotuiespanfavourablecharacteristicstooffspring