AICE Psychology Final Exam Study Guide Questions with 100% Complete Solutions, Graded A+

Dement & Kleitman - (sleep and dreams) Biological Laboratory Dement & Kleitman Background - Sleep and dreaming are hard to study because the participants are unresponsive; therefore physiological measures are needed. Prior to this study psychologists didn't know how to measure dreams, but a study by Aserinsky and Kleitman in 1955 showed that we experience several REM and nREM stages during the night. During REM sleep subjects recorded more dream activity than in nREM sleep. Using an EEG machine, brain activity and eye movement could be measured objectively. Dement & Kleitman Aims: - Find out more about dreaming: Does dream recall differ between eye movement (REM) and quiescent (nREM) stages of sleep? Is there a positive correlation between the subjective estimates of dream duration and the length of the REM period before waking? Are eye movement patterns related to dream content? Dement & Kleitman: Sample - -7 males and two female adults -5 were studied, 4 used to confirm results Dement & Kleitman: Experimental Design: - Test One:Repeated Measures (multiple sleep sessions) Test Two: Correlation (Repeated Measures) Test Three: Self Report compared to observed eye movements Dement & Kleitman Controls: - -no caffeine or alcohol -sufficiently loud waking doorbell -experimenter only asked question after participant complete recording -Reports not counted as dreams if participant couldn't remember content or vaguely remembered Dement & Kleitman (Test One) Variables: - -Independent Variable: Waken from REM or nREM sleep -Dependent Variable- If recalled dream Dement & Kleitman (Test Two) Variables: - -Independent Variable- Whether woken after 5 or 15 minutes -Dependent Variable- accuracy of dream length estimates & dream description Dement & Kleitman (Test Three) Variables: - -Independent Variable- eye movement directions (horizontal/vertical/both/none) -Dependent Variable- Dream content Dement & Kleitman: What happened? - -Report to lab before normal bedtime -Slept in dark, quiet room with electrodes beside eyes and on scalp (wires gathered into single cord, like ponytail to make it easy to move around) -Participants woken in REM or nREM sleep, but not told which. -Asked to describe dream, and return to sleep. -Weren't told EEG pattern of if eyes moved Dement & Kleitman (Procedures specified by aims) Aim 1:- - Participants woken from REM or nREM (not told which) in different ways -After woken participants said if dreamed and described dream in a recorder -Experimenter occasionally entered room to ask questions about dream -No further communication after Dement & Kleitman-To test Aim 1, how were participants woken - -random number table (PM and KC) -three REM then three nREM (DN) -told participants only REM, but randomly woken in either (WD) -no specific order, experimenter chose (IR) Dement & Kleitman (Procedures specified by aims) Aim 2:- - -Participants woken after 5 or 15 minutes in REM (allowed longer REM periods) -Participants guess duration of dreaming -Counted word count of dream narrative Dement & Kleitman (Procedures specified by aims) Aim 3 - -EEG detect direction of eye movement -Participants woken after single eye movement detected for more than a minute *Eye movements-mainly vertical, mainly horizontal, both, very or little movement -Asked to recall dream -Comparison EEG records taken from 20 naive and 5 experimental sample Dement & Kleitman General Results: - General: -uninterrupted dream stages lasted 3-50 minutes (mean of about 20 minutes) -uninterrupted dream stages occur later in the night -uninterrupted dream stages showed intermittent bursts or around 2-100 rapid eye movements Dement & Kleitman (Aim One) Results: - - 79.6% (151/191) or REM produced dream recall -93% or nREM did not produce dream recall Dement & Kleitman (Aim Two) Results- - -Accuracy of estimates 88%(45/51) of 5 minutes, 78%(43/60) of 15 minutes Dement & Kleitman (Aim Three) Results - - Eye movement pattern related to dream content *used 35 awakenings from 9 people -(3/35) dreams with vertical eye movement (up/down) *hoist operator watching climbers at different levels and looking at machine *ladder climber looking up and down *playing basketball, shoots, look at net, look down to get ball -(1/35) dreams with horizontal eye movement (left/right) *watching two people throw tomatoes at each other -(10/35) dreams had little/no eye movement (far away) *watching in a distance or staring at object *driving, at the end looking left (at fast car or acknowledge person) -(21/35) dreams had mixed eye movement (close up) *looking at people close to them -Eye movements from control (awake): similar to dream findings:no eye movement watching distant, rare vertical eye movement Dement & Kleitman Conclusions - -Dreaming is reported in REM not nREM sleep -Participants can judge length of dream duration -REM patterns relate to dream content Dement & Kleitman Strength: Controls extraneous variables - lab setting, use of loud doorbell wakes up instantly reduce risk of forgetting dream, Dement & Kleitman Strength: Reduced demand characterisitcs - -not told EEG pattern or if eyes were moving reduces demand characteristics (if told waken in REM might try harder to remember dream) Dement & Kleitman Strength: High in validity: - operationalized definition of dream (recollection with content, experimenters could be sure details described were of dreams);choice of 5 or 15 minutes reduced participant variables(differences in ability to recall dreams) Dement & Kleitman Strenghth: Variety of data - Objective reliable EEG is a biological measure, and subjective self reports provide insight to explain eye movements Dement & Kleitman Strength: Generalizable - because sample uses both men and women Dement & Kleitman Weakness: Reduced generalizability - -Small sample size (9) reduces generalizability Dement & Kleitman Weakness: Reduced ecological validity - -Participants not being allowed caffeine or alcohol could experience dreams not typical for them, reduced ecological validity -Being connected to machines and under observation different from normal sleep, make sleeping behaviour less typical ,reduce ecological validity. Dement & Kleitman Ethical issues: - -Deception of WD (misled about stage of sleep) can cause distress and means cannot give informed consent. Provides way to test whether expectation of being woken in REM affects dream reports Dement & Kleitman Real-World Application: - -Use of EEG allows psychologist to accurately detect dreaming. Useful for people with sleep or dream disorders(insomnia, sleep-walkers, nightmares) Dement & Kleitman-Nature vs Nurture: - -Dream content varies between us b/c its based on our experiences(Nurture). However,even a fetus can experience dreams so the ability to dream is nature. Dement & Kleitman Possible use of animals: - Mammals demonstrate REM sleep. Use brain cll recording to explore repeated wake behaviours(rats running a maze)Found that patterns of brain activity during sleep resemble those of wake behaviours, indicates what animals dream about. Schachter and Singer - Biological (two factors of emotion) RM: Laboratory Schacter & Singer Background - Early research suggests cognitive factors(mental processes of getting and processing knowledge and understanding it through experience, senses, and thought) could influence our emotional state(body's adaptive response to a situation). And our emotional state may be a function of our physiological arousal and appropriate cognition. So cognition helps us interpret our physiological state so we can label our emotional responses. Schachter and Singer Aims: - -Test Two Factor Theory: emotional experiences come from a combination of physical state of arousal and cognition that makes sense of situation -If given a state of physiological arousal where individual had no adequate explanation, cognitive factors can lead individual to describe feeling with any of many emotional labels