Praxis 5206 Teaching Reading K-12 Latest Update 100% Pass

Praxis 5206 Teaching Reading K-12 Latest Update 100% Pass Four stages of reading development Emergent reading, Early reading , transitional reading and Fluent reading Emergent reading readers develop pre-reading behaviors and begin understanding concepts of print. Early reading Early readers use a combination of reading strategies and cueing systems to decode and comprehend simple texts. Transitional reading use a wide range of reading strategies to support comprehension of more complex texts. Fluent Reading Fluent readers confidently read and comprehend a wide range of texts. Characteristics of Emergent stage of reading - Exhibit reading skills that are strong predictors of future reading success. -Starts Interacting with texts without actually reading the words. -Understand the concepts of print. e.g correctly holding books, understands that print holds meaning, They begin to identify capital and lowercase letters, and begin to understand the relationship between letters and sounds. They understand that letters are combined to form words and words are combined to form sentences. - they develop oral language skills( phonological awareness skills in rhyming and alliteration) - They develop phonemic awareness skills including the ability to blend, segment, and manipulate phonemes within words. Emergent readers enjoy - having others read to them. - They respond to texts read aloud by making predictions, retelling events and other activities . - They use illustrations to make sense of texts. Emergent Readers Texts -Texts with pictures or illustrations that strongly support the print. - Limited amount of text on each page - Use repetitive words - include high frequency and decodable words -Use simple sentence structure - Focus on familiar topics that can activate readers prior knowledge - Print should be large and contain wide spaces between letters and lines of text. Characteristics of Early reading - Readers start to use graphophonemic, syntactic and semantic cues. - start to self monitor their reading -expand their vocabulary and word recognition skills by identifying high frequency words -Use picture cues, letter sound relationships and repetition to decode unknown words homonyms or homophones words that sound alike but have different spellings and meanings (sale/sail) Dipthongs A blend of vowel sounds in one syllable (oi, oy, ow, ou) Rimes Vowels and consonants at the end of a syllable (end in the word blend, ap in the word tap) Digraphs When two letters are used to spell a single sound, for example the ph in phone. Morpheme in a language, the smallest unit that carries meaning; may be a word or a part of a word (such as a prefix) Phoneme in language, the smallest distinctive sound unit Semantics the set of rules by which we derive meaning from morphemes, words, and sentences in a given language; also, the study of meaning Graphemes the letters that spell the sounds in a word; e.g., in the word cat, the sound /k/ is represented by the grapheme (letter) c. Morphology units of meaning involved in word formation Informal Reading Inventory (IRI) An informal assessment instrument in which a child reads from a graded passage and answers comprehension questions to determine independent, instructional and frustration reading levels Word Analysis the process readers use to figure out unfamiliar words based on written patterns Ways to Activate prior knowledge 1. Anticipation guides 2. Graphic organizers 3. Exclusion Guides 4. KWL charts 5. Prereading plans 3 ways to connect to a story 1. Text to text 2. Text to word 3. Text to self Ways to develop comprehension Students spend lots of time reading authentic texts independently Students need to discuss their reading with classmates and teachers Teachers need to read aloud to students Assessing Comprehension Cloze Procedures Story Retellings Running Records Think-Alouds Elkonin Boxes a strategy for segmenting sounds in a word that involves drawing a box to represent each sound in a word. syllable A unit of speech heard as a single sound; one "beat" of a word or phrase. Onset and Rime In a syllable, the onset is the initial consonant or consonants, and the rime is the vowel and any consonants that follow it (e.g., the word sat, the onset is "s" and the rime is "at". In the word flip, the onset is "fl" and the rime is "ip"). Implicit Instruction The focus is on the student as an active and involved learner who constructs knowledge by using previously learned information Explicit Teaching 1. Teacher Models and Explains 2. Teacher provides Guided Practice • Students practice what the teacher modeled and the teacher provides prompts and feedback 3. Teacher provides Supported Application • Students apply the skill as the teacher scaffolds instruction 4. Independent Practice automatic word recognition Children who instantly recognize all the words in everyday text. high frequency words A small group of words (300-500) that account for a large percentage of the words in print and can be regular or irregular words. Often, they are referred to as "sight words" since automatic recognition of these words is required for fluent reading. Sight Words words children identify quickly, accurately, and effortlessly. anagram a word or phrase spelled by rearranging the letters of another word or phrase Euphemism An indirect, less offensive way of saying something that is considered unpleasant Homographs words that are spelled the same but have different meanings Palidrome a word or line sentence reading forward and backward; "civic," Prosody The expression and internation used in oral reading Schema a conceptual framework a person uses to make sense of the world close reading the careful, sustained interpretation of a brief passage of a text norm-referenced tests Tests where a student's performance is compared with a norm group, or a representative sampling students similar to the student. A person's score on a norm-referenced test describes how the student did in relation to the norm group. Tests results are reported in such formats as standard scores or percentiles. criterion-referenced test Individual's performance is measured against mastery of curriculum criteria rather than other students 3 reading levels Independent: 95% accuracy; fluent, comprehend what they're reading Instructional: 90-94% accuracy; comprehension is minimal, need guidance/help when reading Frustration: less than 90% accuracy; reading is choppy & doesn't make sense; no comprehension Informal Assessment occurs in a more casual manner and may include observation, inventories, checklists, rating scales, rubrics, performance and portfolio assessments, participation, peer and self evaluation, and discussion SQ3R Method is a student-directed approach in which students are taught five steps for studing content-area and expository texts: Survey, Question, Read, Recite, & Review. leveling books a method of estimating the difficulty level of a text Balanced Literacy Instruction Literacy instruction that is marked by an equal emphasis on the nurturing of reading through authentic reading experiences with authentic reading materials and more direct instruction in strategies and skills needed for successful reading. Dyslexia symptoms Visual-perceptual difficulties; reading a word backwards ("net" becomes "ten"); confusing mirror image letters ("b" becomes "d"); trouble fixating on printed words (words appear to move around page); Comic sans font used today specifically for this reason Dysgraphia A learning disability that involves difficulty in handwriting. Dyspraxia difficulty with planing movements, especially complex or new movements Stages of Spelling Development 1. Precommunicative 2. Semiphonetic 3. Phonetic 4. Transitional 5. Conventional 3 layers of orthography 1. alphabetic -match letters and letter pairs to sounds 2. pattern - find patterns (ex. CVCe) 3. semantic -understand how spelling reflects the meaning of the word (ex. composition is spelled with an "o" because it is derived from compose) Idioms An expression that has a meaning apart from the meanings of its individual words Stages of 2nd Language Development Preproduction, Early Speech production, Speech Emergence, Intermediate Fluency, Advances Stage Stages of 1st Language Development 5 stages: babbling stage, one-word, two-word, telegraphic stage, multiword stage Denotative The dictionary definition of a word Connotative The ideas or concepts a word suggests in addition to its literal definition Allusions a reference in a literary work to a person, place, or thing in history or another work of literature figurative language Figurative language is language that uses words or expressions with a meaning that is different from the literal interpretation. fictional stories - relating past, present, or future events that are not real - events being described focus on someone or something attempting to carry out a goal Types of Characters protagonist, antagonist round, flat, static, dynamic fiction a literary work based on the imagination and not necessarily on fact non-fiction writing that tells about real people, places, and events Recognizing the main idea Identifying the main idea means determining the essential message of a reading selection -main idea can be constructed from the various supporting details in the text elements of poetry figurative language, symbol, imagery, rhythm, rhyme