Aantekeningen hoorcolleges Risk, Behavior & Addiction
Hoorcollege 1 Introduction
Oldest substance > beer
- Very old topics > fun and relaxed
- Still trending
1. How do we define Risk Behavior?
Risk Behavior : Behaviors that pose a risk to a healthy physical, cognitive, psychosocial
development of adolescents.
- Substance use : smoking, alcohol use, cannabis use, use of XTC and other party drugs
- Other risk behaviors : laten verslavingskenmerken zien > gambling, gaming, social
media use.
- Altijd over ontwikkeling van verslaving
Hall > illustratie van risico’s van substance use, risico voor mentale gezondheid
The general developmental proces (addiction) > verschilt per substances en
behaviors vooral in snelheid van ontwikkeling verslaving
- Contact with a substance
- Experimenting with a substance > je vindt het leuk of lekker, je gebruikt of doet het 1x
- Integrated use
- Excessive use
- Addicted use
Wat we zien als risk behavior hangt af van;
- Characteristics of the particular substance or behavior
Smoking vs gaming > smoking heel snel als je er aanleg voor hebt
(experimental fase). Eerste sein > feelings of craving.
Gaming en social media, xtc niet in de experimental fase > hangt ook af van
aanleg en disposities > vooral pas in excessive use
- Cultural and societal norms
Alcohol use in western vs Islamic cultures
- Scientific knowledge
Knowledge on the risks of alcohol use for the cognitive development of
adolescents > kennis is nu veel groter
Predictors of Risk Behavior > centraal model
- Al het Risk Behavior ontwikkelen door motivation, opportunity en capability
,Artikel Trucco > overview topics
2. Which (neurological) developments take place during adolescence
Adolescence (10-24j)
- early adolescence (10-13) ;
Fysieke groei, meisjes lopen een halfjaar voor.
Ouders worden minder belangrijk, vrienden belangrijker.
Social identity formation (kritieke fase) > hoe zien leeftijdsgenoten mij?
Gevormd door reacties van peers
Sexual maturation
Psychosocial development
- mid adolescence (14-18j);
Experimenteren met (risk) behaviours
Personal identity formation > hoe zie ik mezelf? Behoefte om uniek te zijn.
Sterke sociale identiteit > belangrijke taak om jezelf te vinden, eigen visie.
- late adolescence (19-24j);
Practicing adult roles
Neurological development during adolescence
1. Strong growth in brain volume; Increase in white matter (connections between brain
cells)
Loss of grey matter > piek M;11 J;12-13 (pruning)
2. High plasticity of the brain
Games voordelen > hand-oog coördinatie bv, voordelen totdat het ten koste
gaat van andere dingen en sociale ontwikkeling
3. Increase in white matter ; communication between brain regions strongly improves
(denken aan snelwegen)
Long term memory increases (ook recency effect)
Capacity for abstract thinking/metacogniton increases
Meer kritisch naar de buitenwereld, ook naar ouders > vergroot conflict
3. Why is there a peak in risk behaviours during adolescence?
U-shaped curve > risk behavior in adolescence
The speed of development of two different brain regions differs
1. The affective-motivational system (emotional brain) develops fast and early
overactive in early and mid adolescence (reward center)
stronger positive emotions than adults when they recieve or anticipate a
reward (allerlei soorten) > vergroot door testosteron
, 2. The control system (rational brain)
Develops slowly (ongeveer tot 25)
Important role in the development of executive functions
1. Risk estimation gets better
2. Monitoring long-term goals increases
3. Inhibit the tendency to respond to (short-term) possibilities for reward
(impulse control, behavioral inhibition, self control)
The Maturational Imbalance model
- Increased risk-taking during adolescence is a result of an imbalance between reward
sensitivity (the affective motivational system) and impulse control (control system)
- The horse and rider metaphor > horse impulsive, rider control
- Motivational system; bottom-up processes, behavioral activation (BAS)
- Control system; top-down processes, behavioral inhibition (BIS)
4. What are psycho-active substances (drugs)?
How can we define drugs or psycho-active substances?
Psychoactive substance; are chemical substances that cross the blood-brain barrier and
affect the function of the central nervous system thereby altering perception, mood, or
consciousness (e.g., high/ euphoria, relaxation)
- induce craving after (regular) use
- evoke loss of control after they have been used (regularly)
- Beiden maken het moeilijk om te stoppen
Verschil in;
- type and strength of the psychoactive effect
- the degree to which they elicit craving and loss of control
Which substance has the highest risk to develop addiction after one has used the
substance?
, - nicotine > geen effect op dagelijks leven
- heroïne
- cocaïne
- alcohol
- cannabis
- benzo
- paddo
- xtc
Types of drugs
- Hallucinogens > change perception and emotions
- Downers (depressants) > relax, uiteindelijk geen gevoel
- Uppers (stimulants) > arousal, opgewekt, geen slaap nodig.
5. How do we define Addiction?
Sussman > twee definities (intensional en extensional
- Intensional; these definitions aim to describe a causal addiction process (Table
1.2)
- Extensional; a classification of characteristics of an addiction (DSM-5)
Hoorcollege 1 Introduction
Oldest substance > beer
- Very old topics > fun and relaxed
- Still trending
1. How do we define Risk Behavior?
Risk Behavior : Behaviors that pose a risk to a healthy physical, cognitive, psychosocial
development of adolescents.
- Substance use : smoking, alcohol use, cannabis use, use of XTC and other party drugs
- Other risk behaviors : laten verslavingskenmerken zien > gambling, gaming, social
media use.
- Altijd over ontwikkeling van verslaving
Hall > illustratie van risico’s van substance use, risico voor mentale gezondheid
The general developmental proces (addiction) > verschilt per substances en
behaviors vooral in snelheid van ontwikkeling verslaving
- Contact with a substance
- Experimenting with a substance > je vindt het leuk of lekker, je gebruikt of doet het 1x
- Integrated use
- Excessive use
- Addicted use
Wat we zien als risk behavior hangt af van;
- Characteristics of the particular substance or behavior
Smoking vs gaming > smoking heel snel als je er aanleg voor hebt
(experimental fase). Eerste sein > feelings of craving.
Gaming en social media, xtc niet in de experimental fase > hangt ook af van
aanleg en disposities > vooral pas in excessive use
- Cultural and societal norms
Alcohol use in western vs Islamic cultures
- Scientific knowledge
Knowledge on the risks of alcohol use for the cognitive development of
adolescents > kennis is nu veel groter
Predictors of Risk Behavior > centraal model
- Al het Risk Behavior ontwikkelen door motivation, opportunity en capability
,Artikel Trucco > overview topics
2. Which (neurological) developments take place during adolescence
Adolescence (10-24j)
- early adolescence (10-13) ;
Fysieke groei, meisjes lopen een halfjaar voor.
Ouders worden minder belangrijk, vrienden belangrijker.
Social identity formation (kritieke fase) > hoe zien leeftijdsgenoten mij?
Gevormd door reacties van peers
Sexual maturation
Psychosocial development
- mid adolescence (14-18j);
Experimenteren met (risk) behaviours
Personal identity formation > hoe zie ik mezelf? Behoefte om uniek te zijn.
Sterke sociale identiteit > belangrijke taak om jezelf te vinden, eigen visie.
- late adolescence (19-24j);
Practicing adult roles
Neurological development during adolescence
1. Strong growth in brain volume; Increase in white matter (connections between brain
cells)
Loss of grey matter > piek M;11 J;12-13 (pruning)
2. High plasticity of the brain
Games voordelen > hand-oog coördinatie bv, voordelen totdat het ten koste
gaat van andere dingen en sociale ontwikkeling
3. Increase in white matter ; communication between brain regions strongly improves
(denken aan snelwegen)
Long term memory increases (ook recency effect)
Capacity for abstract thinking/metacogniton increases
Meer kritisch naar de buitenwereld, ook naar ouders > vergroot conflict
3. Why is there a peak in risk behaviours during adolescence?
U-shaped curve > risk behavior in adolescence
The speed of development of two different brain regions differs
1. The affective-motivational system (emotional brain) develops fast and early
overactive in early and mid adolescence (reward center)
stronger positive emotions than adults when they recieve or anticipate a
reward (allerlei soorten) > vergroot door testosteron
, 2. The control system (rational brain)
Develops slowly (ongeveer tot 25)
Important role in the development of executive functions
1. Risk estimation gets better
2. Monitoring long-term goals increases
3. Inhibit the tendency to respond to (short-term) possibilities for reward
(impulse control, behavioral inhibition, self control)
The Maturational Imbalance model
- Increased risk-taking during adolescence is a result of an imbalance between reward
sensitivity (the affective motivational system) and impulse control (control system)
- The horse and rider metaphor > horse impulsive, rider control
- Motivational system; bottom-up processes, behavioral activation (BAS)
- Control system; top-down processes, behavioral inhibition (BIS)
4. What are psycho-active substances (drugs)?
How can we define drugs or psycho-active substances?
Psychoactive substance; are chemical substances that cross the blood-brain barrier and
affect the function of the central nervous system thereby altering perception, mood, or
consciousness (e.g., high/ euphoria, relaxation)
- induce craving after (regular) use
- evoke loss of control after they have been used (regularly)
- Beiden maken het moeilijk om te stoppen
Verschil in;
- type and strength of the psychoactive effect
- the degree to which they elicit craving and loss of control
Which substance has the highest risk to develop addiction after one has used the
substance?
, - nicotine > geen effect op dagelijks leven
- heroïne
- cocaïne
- alcohol
- cannabis
- benzo
- paddo
- xtc
Types of drugs
- Hallucinogens > change perception and emotions
- Downers (depressants) > relax, uiteindelijk geen gevoel
- Uppers (stimulants) > arousal, opgewekt, geen slaap nodig.
5. How do we define Addiction?
Sussman > twee definities (intensional en extensional
- Intensional; these definitions aim to describe a causal addiction process (Table
1.2)
- Extensional; a classification of characteristics of an addiction (DSM-5)
