RESUME COMPUTER-
NETWORKS
17/12/2023
Abstract
This is the summary of the presentations, so the course of the computer networking subject.
Remi Demeyer
,Remi Demeyer
Contents
1. Networking today ............................................................................................ 14
1.1. Networks affect our lives............................................................................. 14
1.2. Network components.................................................................................. 14
1.2.1. Host roles ........................................................................................... 14
1.2.2. Peer to Peer (PTP) ................................................................................ 14
1.2.3. End devices ......................................................................................... 14
1.2.4. Intermediary network devices ................................................................ 15
1.2.5. Network media .................................................................................... 15
1.3. Network representations and topologies ........................................................ 15
1.3.1. Network representations ....................................................................... 15
1.3.2. Topology diagrams ............................................................................... 15
1.4. Common types of networks ......................................................................... 16
1.4.1. Networks of many sizes ......................................................................... 16
1.4.2. LANs and WANs ................................................................................... 16
1.4.3. The internet ........................................................................................ 16
1.4.4. Intranets and extranets ......................................................................... 16
1.5. Internet connections .................................................................................. 17
1.5.1. Internet access technologies .................................................................. 17
1.5.2. Home and small office internet connections .............................................. 17
1.5.3. Businesses internet connections ............................................................. 17
1.5.4. The converging network ........................................................................ 18
1.6. Reliable Networks ...................................................................................... 18
1.6.1. Network architecture ............................................................................ 18
1.6.2. fault tolerance ..................................................................................... 18
1.6.3. Scalability ........................................................................................... 18
1.6.4. Quality of service ................................................................................. 18
1.6.5. Network security .................................................................................. 19
1.7. Network trends ......................................................................................... 19
1.7.1. Recent trends ...................................................................................... 19
1.7.2. BYOS or bring your own device............................................................... 19
1.7.3. Online collaboration .............................................................................. 19
1.7.4. Video communication ............................................................................ 19
1.7.5. Cloud computing .................................................................................. 20
1.7.6. Technology trends in the home ............................................................... 20
1.7.7. Powerline networking ............................................................................ 20
1.7.8. Wireless broadband .............................................................................. 20
1.8. Network security ....................................................................................... 21
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,Remi Demeyer
1.8.1. Security threats ................................................................................... 21
1.8.2. Security solutions ................................................................................. 21
2. Make some exercises ....................................................................................... 21
2.1. Subnetting lesson 5 ................................................................................... 21
2.2. IPv4 module 11 ......................................................................................... 21
3. Protocols and Models ....................................................................................... 22
3.1. The rules .................................................................................................. 22
3.1.1. Communication fundamentals ................................................................ 22
3.1.2. Communications protocols ..................................................................... 22
3.1.3. Rule establishes ................................................................................... 22
3.1.4. Network protocol requirements ............................................................... 22
3.1.5. Message encoding ................................................................................ 22
3.1.6. Message formatting and encapsulation..................................................... 22
3.1.7. Message size ....................................................................................... 23
3.1.8. Message timing .................................................................................... 23
3.1.9. Message delivery options ....................................................................... 23
3.2. Protocols .................................................................................................. 23
3.2.1. Network protocol overview ..................................................................... 23
3.2.2. Network protocol functions .................................................................... 24
3.2.3. Protocol interaction............................................................................... 24
3.3. Protocol suites .......................................................................................... 24
3.3.1. Network protocol suites ......................................................................... 24
3.3.2. Evolution of protocol suites .................................................................... 24
3.3.3. TCP/IP Protocol example ....................................................................... 25
3.3.4. TCP/IP protocol suite ............................................................................ 25
3.3.5. TCP/IP communication process ............................................................... 25
3.4. Standards organizations ............................................................................. 25
3.4.1. Open standards ................................................................................... 25
3.4.2. Internet standards................................................................................ 25
3.4.3. Electronic and communications standards ................................................ 26
3.5. Reference models ...................................................................................... 26
3.5.1. The benefits of using a layered model ...................................................... 26
3.5.2. The OSI reference model ....................................................................... 27
3.5.3. The TCP/IP reference model ................................................................... 27
3.5.4. OSI and TCP/IP model comparison .......................................................... 27
3.6. Data encapsulation .................................................................................... 28
3.6.1. Segmenting messages .......................................................................... 28
3.6.2. Sequencing ......................................................................................... 28
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, Remi Demeyer
3.6.3. Protocol data units ............................................................................... 28
3.6.4. Encapsulation example .......................................................................... 28
3.6.5. De-encapsulation example ..................................................................... 29
3.7. Data access .............................................................................................. 29
3.7.1. Addresses ........................................................................................... 29
3.7.2. Layer 3 Logical Address ......................................................................... 29
3.7.3. Devices on the same network ................................................................. 29
3.7.4. Role of the data link layer addresses: same IP network .............................. 30
3.7.5. Devices on a remote network ................................................................. 30
3.7.6. Role of the network layer addresses ........................................................ 30
3.7.7. Role of the data link layer addresses: different IP Networks ........................ 30
3.7.8. Data link addresses .............................................................................. 31
4. Physical layer ................................................................................................. 32
4.1. Purpose of the physical layer ....................................................................... 32
4.1.1. The physical connection ........................................................................ 32
4.1.2. The physical layer ................................................................................ 32
4.2. Physical layer characteristics ....................................................................... 32
4.2.1. Physical layer standards ........................................................................ 32
4.2.2. Physical components ............................................................................. 32
4.2.3. Encoding............................................................................................. 33
4.2.4. Signalling ............................................................................................ 33
4.2.5. Bandwidth........................................................................................... 33
4.2.6. Bandwidth terminology ......................................................................... 33
4.3. Copper cabling .......................................................................................... 33
4.3.1. Characteristics of copper cabling ............................................................. 33
4.3.2. Types of copper cabling ......................................................................... 34
4.3.3. Unshielded twisted pair (UTP) ................................................................ 34
4.3.4. Shielded twisted pair (STD) ................................................................... 34
4.3.5. Coaxial cable ....................................................................................... 34
4.4. UTP cabling .............................................................................................. 35
4.4.1. Properties of UTP cabling ....................................................................... 35
4.4.2. UTP cabling standards and connectors ..................................................... 35
4.4.3. Straight-through and crossover UTP cables ............................................... 35
4.5. Fiber-optic cabling ..................................................................................... 35
4.5.1. Properties of fiber-optic cabling .............................................................. 35
4.5.2. Types of fiber media ............................................................................. 36
4.5.3. Fiber-optic cabling usage ....................................................................... 36
4.5.4. Fiber optic connectors ........................................................................... 36
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NETWORKS
17/12/2023
Abstract
This is the summary of the presentations, so the course of the computer networking subject.
Remi Demeyer
,Remi Demeyer
Contents
1. Networking today ............................................................................................ 14
1.1. Networks affect our lives............................................................................. 14
1.2. Network components.................................................................................. 14
1.2.1. Host roles ........................................................................................... 14
1.2.2. Peer to Peer (PTP) ................................................................................ 14
1.2.3. End devices ......................................................................................... 14
1.2.4. Intermediary network devices ................................................................ 15
1.2.5. Network media .................................................................................... 15
1.3. Network representations and topologies ........................................................ 15
1.3.1. Network representations ....................................................................... 15
1.3.2. Topology diagrams ............................................................................... 15
1.4. Common types of networks ......................................................................... 16
1.4.1. Networks of many sizes ......................................................................... 16
1.4.2. LANs and WANs ................................................................................... 16
1.4.3. The internet ........................................................................................ 16
1.4.4. Intranets and extranets ......................................................................... 16
1.5. Internet connections .................................................................................. 17
1.5.1. Internet access technologies .................................................................. 17
1.5.2. Home and small office internet connections .............................................. 17
1.5.3. Businesses internet connections ............................................................. 17
1.5.4. The converging network ........................................................................ 18
1.6. Reliable Networks ...................................................................................... 18
1.6.1. Network architecture ............................................................................ 18
1.6.2. fault tolerance ..................................................................................... 18
1.6.3. Scalability ........................................................................................... 18
1.6.4. Quality of service ................................................................................. 18
1.6.5. Network security .................................................................................. 19
1.7. Network trends ......................................................................................... 19
1.7.1. Recent trends ...................................................................................... 19
1.7.2. BYOS or bring your own device............................................................... 19
1.7.3. Online collaboration .............................................................................. 19
1.7.4. Video communication ............................................................................ 19
1.7.5. Cloud computing .................................................................................. 20
1.7.6. Technology trends in the home ............................................................... 20
1.7.7. Powerline networking ............................................................................ 20
1.7.8. Wireless broadband .............................................................................. 20
1.8. Network security ....................................................................................... 21
Pagina 1 van 124
,Remi Demeyer
1.8.1. Security threats ................................................................................... 21
1.8.2. Security solutions ................................................................................. 21
2. Make some exercises ....................................................................................... 21
2.1. Subnetting lesson 5 ................................................................................... 21
2.2. IPv4 module 11 ......................................................................................... 21
3. Protocols and Models ....................................................................................... 22
3.1. The rules .................................................................................................. 22
3.1.1. Communication fundamentals ................................................................ 22
3.1.2. Communications protocols ..................................................................... 22
3.1.3. Rule establishes ................................................................................... 22
3.1.4. Network protocol requirements ............................................................... 22
3.1.5. Message encoding ................................................................................ 22
3.1.6. Message formatting and encapsulation..................................................... 22
3.1.7. Message size ....................................................................................... 23
3.1.8. Message timing .................................................................................... 23
3.1.9. Message delivery options ....................................................................... 23
3.2. Protocols .................................................................................................. 23
3.2.1. Network protocol overview ..................................................................... 23
3.2.2. Network protocol functions .................................................................... 24
3.2.3. Protocol interaction............................................................................... 24
3.3. Protocol suites .......................................................................................... 24
3.3.1. Network protocol suites ......................................................................... 24
3.3.2. Evolution of protocol suites .................................................................... 24
3.3.3. TCP/IP Protocol example ....................................................................... 25
3.3.4. TCP/IP protocol suite ............................................................................ 25
3.3.5. TCP/IP communication process ............................................................... 25
3.4. Standards organizations ............................................................................. 25
3.4.1. Open standards ................................................................................... 25
3.4.2. Internet standards................................................................................ 25
3.4.3. Electronic and communications standards ................................................ 26
3.5. Reference models ...................................................................................... 26
3.5.1. The benefits of using a layered model ...................................................... 26
3.5.2. The OSI reference model ....................................................................... 27
3.5.3. The TCP/IP reference model ................................................................... 27
3.5.4. OSI and TCP/IP model comparison .......................................................... 27
3.6. Data encapsulation .................................................................................... 28
3.6.1. Segmenting messages .......................................................................... 28
3.6.2. Sequencing ......................................................................................... 28
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, Remi Demeyer
3.6.3. Protocol data units ............................................................................... 28
3.6.4. Encapsulation example .......................................................................... 28
3.6.5. De-encapsulation example ..................................................................... 29
3.7. Data access .............................................................................................. 29
3.7.1. Addresses ........................................................................................... 29
3.7.2. Layer 3 Logical Address ......................................................................... 29
3.7.3. Devices on the same network ................................................................. 29
3.7.4. Role of the data link layer addresses: same IP network .............................. 30
3.7.5. Devices on a remote network ................................................................. 30
3.7.6. Role of the network layer addresses ........................................................ 30
3.7.7. Role of the data link layer addresses: different IP Networks ........................ 30
3.7.8. Data link addresses .............................................................................. 31
4. Physical layer ................................................................................................. 32
4.1. Purpose of the physical layer ....................................................................... 32
4.1.1. The physical connection ........................................................................ 32
4.1.2. The physical layer ................................................................................ 32
4.2. Physical layer characteristics ....................................................................... 32
4.2.1. Physical layer standards ........................................................................ 32
4.2.2. Physical components ............................................................................. 32
4.2.3. Encoding............................................................................................. 33
4.2.4. Signalling ............................................................................................ 33
4.2.5. Bandwidth........................................................................................... 33
4.2.6. Bandwidth terminology ......................................................................... 33
4.3. Copper cabling .......................................................................................... 33
4.3.1. Characteristics of copper cabling ............................................................. 33
4.3.2. Types of copper cabling ......................................................................... 34
4.3.3. Unshielded twisted pair (UTP) ................................................................ 34
4.3.4. Shielded twisted pair (STD) ................................................................... 34
4.3.5. Coaxial cable ....................................................................................... 34
4.4. UTP cabling .............................................................................................. 35
4.4.1. Properties of UTP cabling ....................................................................... 35
4.4.2. UTP cabling standards and connectors ..................................................... 35
4.4.3. Straight-through and crossover UTP cables ............................................... 35
4.5. Fiber-optic cabling ..................................................................................... 35
4.5.1. Properties of fiber-optic cabling .............................................................. 35
4.5.2. Types of fiber media ............................................................................. 36
4.5.3. Fiber-optic cabling usage ....................................................................... 36
4.5.4. Fiber optic connectors ........................................................................... 36
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