Personality Psychology Domains Of Knowledge About Human Nature, 3rd Canadian Edition, 3e By Randy Larsen, David Buss, David King (Test Bank All Chapters, 100% Original Verified, A+ Grade)Answers at the end of each Chapter

Version 1 1 Version 1 2 Personality Psychology Domains Of Knowledge About Human Nature, 3rd Canadian Edition, 3e By Randy Larsen, David Buss, David King (Test Bank All Chapters, 100% Original Verified, A+ Grade)Answers at the end of each Chapter. Chapter 1 Student name: MULTIPLE CHOICE - Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1) Features of personality that differentiate one person from another usually take the form of in language. A) differential pronouns B) trait-descriptive adjectives C) action-descriptive verbs D) trait-differentiating adverbs 2) If I describe Juan as "possessive" or Anita as "friendly," I am employing the use of A) trait-descriptive adjectives. B) inner psychological states. C) strategies to attain goals. D) inner qualities of personality. 3) How many trait-descriptive adjectives are there in the English language? A) More than 500 B) More than 1,800 C) More than 5,000 D) Nearly 20,000 4) Psychologists have found it difficult to define personality because A) psychologists are not smart enough to determine the boundaries of human personality. B) personality has a commonsense definition that psychologists find hard to falsify. C) the idea of studying human personality is a rather new concept in psychology. D) any definition of personality needs to be sufficiently comprehensive to include a multitude of concepts. 5) Research on personality traits asks all of these questions EXCEPT A) how many fundamental personality traits there are. B) how personality traits are organized. C) where personality traits come from. D) which cues cause behaviour in a situation. Version 1 3 6) Philippe walks the same path home after work every day at the same time. To state that he will most likely take the same route at the same time next Wednesday is using the nature of personality traits. A) descriptive B) explanatory C) predictive D) individualistic 7) Mike makes several social errors at a party. He calls the host by the wrong name, spills his red wine on the carpet, and insults the guest of honour. A researcher labels Mike's behaviour as "socially unskilled." This labelling of Mike's behaviour utilizes the research approach to personality traits. A) explanatory B) descriptive C) intuitive D) presumptive 8) Traits define the tendencies of an individual person. A) central B) average C) overt D) outlying 9) A talkative person will A) always talk more than a quiet person. B) never shut up. C) talk more than a quiet person in theaters. D) talk more, on average, than a quiet person. 10) To say that someone will tend to display a trait with regularity is to say that the person has a(n) A) average tendency. B) obsessive-compulsive disorder. C) adaptation. D) social-cognitive approach. Version 1 4 11) Which of the following questions does research on personality traits NOT emphasize? A) How many fundamental traits are there? B) How are traits organized within individuals? C) What are the origins of traits? D) How are all persons similar? 12) Psychological mechanisms differ from traits in that mechanisms A) are less stable. B) refer more to processes. C) do not have decision rules. D) are biologically "hard wired." 13) Which of the following is NOT part of most personality mechanisms? A) Access codes B) Decision rules C) Inputs D) Outputs 14) The trait of courageousness is an especially good example of A) an adaptive trait. B) how traits are consistent. C) how traits are activated only under certain conditions. D) how traits change over time. 15) Personality is A) outside the person. B) inside the person. C) both outside and inside the person. D) inside or outside, depending on the person. 16) To say that someone has the trait of happiness, you need to know that the person A) is happy at a given moment. B) is frequently happy. C) remembers being happy. D) makes others happy. Version 1 5 17) Which of the following is NOT defined as part of the person-environment interaction? A) Serializations B) Perceptions C) Manipulations D) Selections 18) Responses to an inkblot test can demonstrate which part of the person-environment interaction? A) Perceptions B) Manipulations C) Evocations D) Selections 19) Mo looks at the inkblot and sees two birds nesting. Heidi looks at the inkblot and sees a tranquil forest. Joe looks at the inkblot and sees something sexual. These three responses are illustrating that are important components of the person-environment interaction. A) prostheses B) provocations C) perceptions D) projections 20) Evocations are demonstrated when A) different people see the same situation differently. B) our characteristics unintentionally cause other people to act a certain way. C) we intentionally attempt to make other people act in a certain way. D) individuals select environments to match their traits. 21) Every time Neil walks into the room everyone laughs. This demonstrates the personenvironment interaction of A) evocation. B) elocution. C) exultation. D) emaciation. Version 1 6 22) Lena always picks out restaurants that have a very quiet, subdued atmosphere. She always tries to avoid loud restaurants. WHat is the person-environment fit mechanism that may account for this behaviour? A) sublimation B) selection C) manipulation D) evocation 23) To say that a trait is adaptive means that the trait A) is the result of sexual selection. B) easily changes as necessary. C) serves a useful function. D) indicates psychopathology. 24) At the psychological level, the physical environment may lead to the development of A) shivering mechanisms when people are cold. B) hunger pangs to motivate people to seek food. C) friction mechanisms to prevent calluses in skin. D) fear mechanisms to help us avoid environmental threats. 25) In the social environment, our "effective environment" represents the/a A) strongest environmental cues that are found in any given environment. B) environmental cues that are directly related to survival in the immediate environment. C) set of cues emitted by other people in the environment. D) subset of environmental features people attend to based on their psychological mechanisms. 26) The intrapsychic environment is A) not as objectively verifiable as the social or physical environment. B) often easy to verify through the analysis of dreams. C) relatively consistent across social, but not physical, environments. D) based on how others in the environment react to a person. 27) The human nature level of personality analysis addresses how every human is A) like all others. B) like some others. C) like no others. D) somewhat like other mammals. Version 1 7 28) The group differences level of personality analysis addresses how every human is A) like all others. B) like some others. C) like no others. D) somewhat like other mammals. 29) The individual uniqueness level of personality analysis addresses how every human is A) like all others. B) like some others. C) like no others. D) somewhat like other mammals. 30) The ability to learn spoken language is an example of the A) human nature level of analysis. B) individual and group differences level of analysis. C) individual uniqueness level of analysis. D) social psychological level of analysis. 31) Studying how people vary in levels of anxiety, self-esteem, or worry represents a(n) approach to studying personality psychology. A) individual differences B) human nature C) ideographic D) environmental 32) Which of the following is an example of "idiographic research"? A) Comparing men and women on emotionality. B) Developing a questionnaire that measures sociability. C) Writing a case study of Albert Einstein's personality. D) Conducting a field study of helping behaviours. 33) Which of the following is an example of "nomothetic research"? A) Preparing a case study of Sigmund Freud. B) Comparing freshmen and seniors on a personality inventory. C) Attempting to identify the genes related to impulsivity. D) Analyzing the correspondence of Chris Rock. Version 1 8 34) The study of a single individual is an example of A) idiographic research. B) nomothetic research. C) correlational research. D) cognitive psychology research. 35) Most current personality research is done at the level of analysis. A) idiographic B) human nature C) individual uniqueness D) group and individual differences 36) Most grand theories of personality focus on the _ level of analysis. A) idiographic B) human nature C) individual uniqueness D) group and individual differences 37) A problem with studying only the grand theories of personality is that only portions of the grand theories A) have stood the test of time and inform modern personality research. B) apply to men. C) are based on non-German populations. D) address the human nature level of analysis. 38) Grand theories of personality are usually based on statements about the A) universal core of human nature. B) major individual differences. C) individual uniqueness of all humans. D) differences between the sexes. 39) In modern personality psychology, the grand theories A) guide all modern personality research. B) are still argued about in the literature. C) are seen as having primarily historical interest. D) are used only in clinical applications of personality theory. Version 1 9 40) The textbook presents the example of the three blind men and the elephant to suggest that A) people are like animals in some ways and all living creatures have a personality. B) individual and group differences are the most effective approach to studying personality. C) each of the different approaches to personality research is inadequate for studying the full range of human personality. D) using ancient legends is an inadequate approach to explaining the full range of differences in human personality. 41) The fact that there are many differing views on personality suggests that A) researchers study different domains of knowledge. B) most views about personality psychology are incorrect. C) one of the views is probably more accurate than others. D) personality psychologists ignore one another's theories. 42) A "domain of knowledge" is a A) laboratory where personality research is conducted. B) single theory about the nature of personality. C) specialty area of science and scholarship. D) grand theory of personality psychology. 43) Researchers in a given domain of personality share all of these EXCEPT A) common methods of inquiry. B) foundations of known facts. C) theoretical explanations. D) common laboratory space. 44) The domains of knowledge in personality differ mainly in the A) number of active researchers. B) degree to which they emphasize internal or external factors. C) degree to which they emphasize adaptation and adjustment. D) degree to which they understand personality. 45) When different domains of knowledge contradict one another, we can conclude that A) the most recent domains are most correct. B) the more historical domains are most correct. C) none of the domains is correct. D) the contradictions may be more apparent than real. Version 1 10 46) The dispositional domain focuses on A) understanding the ways individuals differ from one another. B) the emotional consequences of dispositions. C) the biological nature of dispositions. D) the outer nature of dispositions. 47) Which of the following does NOT fall within the biological domain of knowledge? A) Subjective experience B) Genetics C) Psychophysiology D) Evolution 48) A researcher who compares identical twins to fraternal twins probably conducts most of their research within which domain? A) Intrapsychic B) Biological C) Adjustment D) Cognitive-Experiential 49) The domain of knowledge most concerned with unconscious mechanisms is the A) cognitive-experiential domain. B) biological domain. C) intrapsychic domain. D) adjustment domain. 50) Sigmund Freud's theory of personality falls within the A) biological B) dispositional C) social and cultural D) intrapsychic domain of knowledge. 51) Jay is interested in investigating unconscious conflict in a sample of college interns. Jay will most likely use the methods and theories associated with the A) dispositional B) biological C) social and cultural D) intrapsychic domain of personality. Version 1 11 52) Which domain is most concerned with identifying the number of fundamental individual differences? A) Biological B) Dispositional C) Intrapsychic D) Social and cultural 53) The lexical approach (i.e., using natural language to identify fundamental traits) falls most squarely within the A) social and cultural domain. B) cognitive-experiential domain. C) dispositional domain. D) intrapsychic domain. 54) Which domain relies most on statistical methods to identify fundamental traits? A) Dispositional B) Biological C) Adjustment D) Social and cultural 55) You collect data on three personality tests from several hundred participants. You then examine the statistical similarities and differences among the traits assessed by each test. You are using the logic and methods of the domain of personality. A) biological B) intrapsychic C) social and cultural D) dispositional 56) Which domain of knowledge places the most emphasis on the external (to the person) dimensions of personality? A) dispositional B) social and cultural C) biological D) intrapsychic 57) The fact that almost all humans live in groups suggests the importance of the domain. A) intrapsychic B) cognitive-experiential C) adjustment D) social and cultural Version 1 12 58) You are a researcher interested in differences in the levels of extraversion of British people and Italian people. You will most likely use the methods and theories used by researchers studying personality within the domain. A) cognitive-experiential B) dispositional C) social and cultural D) intrapsychic 59) Which domain focuses most on the relationships between personality and health behaviours? A) dispositional B) adjustment C) social and cultural D) cognitive-experiential 60) The study of personality disorders falls within the domain. A) biological B) social and cultural C) adjustment D) intrapsychic 61) You are a researcher interested in how borderline personality disorder affects everyday behaviours in a clinical population. You will most likely use the methods and the models of the domain of personality in conducting his research. A) dispositional B) biological C) adjustment D) intrapsychic 62) Which of the following is NOT a function of a theory? A) Guides research B) Eliminates domains of knowledge C) Organizes research findings D) Makes predictions Version 1 13 63) Which of the following is NOT an example of a theory that provides a guide for researchers? A) A Freudian psychoanalyst predicting stinginess from the ideas about development through a particular stage of psychological development. B) A biological psychologist predicting a decrease in social behaviour when the frontal lobe of the brain is damaged. C) A personality psychologist analyzing a large pool of responses to questionnaire items to find the underlying structure of the data. D) A cognitive psychologist predicting how an individual's self-evaluation will determine theirreaction to a specific stimuli. 64) Which of the following is a scientific theory? A) astrology B) Einstein's ideas on relativity C) reincarnation D) extra sensory perception 65) are based on systematic observation, whereas are not. A) Theories; beliefs B) Beliefs; theories C) Domains; approaches D) Approaches; domains 66) A theory of personality leads to the discovery of new links between cognition and brain functioning that were previously believed to be impossible. This theory has A) comprehensiveness. B) heuristic value. C) testability. D) parsimony. 67) The most important criterion for generating a testable theory is A) the generalizability of its predictions. B) its compatibility with other theories. C) the precision of its predictions. D) its comprehensiveness. 68) Which trait theory best exemplifies the principle of parsimony? A theory that proposes A) two personality dispositions. B) three personality dispositions. C) five personality dispositions. D) 16 personality dispositions. Version 1 14 69) If it were ever found, what would NOT be a characteristic of a grand theory of personality? A) It would explain personality characteristics and how they develop over time. B) It would explain how people experience the world and process information about it. C) It would unify all major domains of personality theory and research. D) It would be clearly related to the most frequently cited personality theories in the published research. Version 1 15 Answer Key Test name: Chapter 1 1) B 2) A 3) D 4) D 5) D 6) C 7) B 8) B 9) D 10) A 11) D 12) B 13) A 14) C 15) B 16) B 17) A 18) A 19) C 20) B 21) A 22) B 23) C 24) D 25) D 26) A 27) A 28) B 29) C 30) A 31) A 32) C 33) B 34) A 35) D 36) B 37) A Version 1 16 38) A 39) C 40) C 41) A 42) C 43) D 44) B 45) D 46) A 47) A 48) B 49) C 50) D 51) D 52) B 53) C 54) A 55) D 56) B 57) D 58) C 59) B 60) C 61) C 62) B 63) C 64) B 65) A 66) B 67) C 68) A 69) D Version 1 1 Chapter 2 Student name: MULTIPLE CHOICE - Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1) What people tell you about their attitudes would be considered A) S-data. B) O-data. C) T-data. D) L-data. 2) What a person's friend tells you about that person would be considered A) S-data. B) O-data. C) T-data. D) L-data. 3) How a person performs on an intelligence test would be considered A) S-data. B) O-data. C) T-data. D) L-data. 4) A person's police record would be considered A) S-data. B) O-data. C) T-data. D) L-data. 5) Which type of data is most commonly used to measure personality? A) S-data B) O-data C) T-data D) L-data Version 1 2 6) You conduct a study of safe drivers for a major insurance company and collect data from a sample of 1,000 drivers. You then examine their driving records over a 10-year period. This study is using A) life-outcome data. B) observer-report data. C) test data. D) self-report data. 7) Of the different ways to collect self-report data, which is most common? A) Interviews B) Periodic reports C) Questionnaires D) Experience sampling 8) Which of the following is the best reason for collecting self-report data? A) Individuals have access to a wealth of information about themselves. B) Observer bias is very difficult to remove from the data. C) The desire to portray oneself in a positive light is very prevalent. D) There is an almost total lack of bias in self-report data. 9) You are asked to describe Dr. Larsen's personality on a questionnaire. This is an example of A) observer data. B) student data. C) subordinate data. D) omniscient data. 10) Which of the following is an example of an unstructured questionnaire? A) True/False B) Forced choice C) Open-ended D) Rorschach test 11) The Twenty Statements Test (i.e., the "Who am I?" test) is an example of a(n) A) structured questionnaire. B) unstructured questionnaire. C) projective test. D) bias-free test. Version 1 3 12) In the Twenty Statements Test (i.e., the "Who am I?" test), which of the following is important to the scoring? A) The order and syntax of the statements B) The context and structure of the statements C) The order and content of the statements D) The complexity and syntax of the statements 13) Which of the following has been noted as a potential problem with the Twenty Statements Test, i.e., the "Who am I?" test? A) It can be biased by intelligence differences in participants. B) It can show biases due to the gender of the participants. C) It can show biases due to the participants' cultural differences. D) It can show differences between people in adjusted and unadjusted marriages. 14) Research has shown that compared to people from Western cultures, people from Eastern cultures tend to have more references to in their self-concept. A) themselves B) their environment C) their culture D) other people 15) Among Chinese-born Canadian university students, completing the Twenty Statement Test in Chinese resulted in A) reduced reliability of responses over time. B) more references that were in line with a collectivistic cultural orientation. C) more incomplete responses due to lack of sufficient completion time. D) fewer references to Canadian culture. 16) Personality scales are usually made up of A) one rating on a Likert scale. B) the sum of a few individual ratings. C) open-ended questions. D) projective ratings of personality. 17) Which of the following is NOT a weakness of self-report data? A) People may intentionally lie about themselves. B) People may not know how to answer questions accurately. C) Self-report data is especially difficult to collect. D) People may intentionally distort reports on unusual experiences. Version 1 4 18) One strength of experience-sampling data is that A) one is able to detect rhythms over time in behaviour or feelings. B) it is easier to collect than other self-report data. C) it is a completely objective form of self-report data. D) it is free of biases associated with other self-report data. 19) In order to collect experience sampling data, a researcher might A) manipulate participants' experiences in the lab. B) ask participants to fill out the same questionnaire many times. C) record participants' physiological reactions in the lab. D) conduct a telephone survey. 20) Dr. Ensley conducts a study in which participants receive mobile alerts on their phones. Every time the participants receive an alert they complete a short questionnaire. Participants are alerted three times for eight days. This type of research is called A) experiential research. B) experience sampling. C) life sampling. D) observer query. 21) Which of the following is NOT an advantage of observer-report data? A) It provides another point of view to self-report data. B) Many observers' data can be combined. C) Observers have unique access to information about a person. D) Observers can best capture the subjective experience of the person being measured. 22) Usually, combining the data from many observers is A) more confusing and less precise than using data from a single observer. B) more valid and reliable than the data from a single observer. C) less reliable and valid than the data from a single clinical psychologist. D) more reliable and valid than using single measures of personality. 23) Which of the following is a good reason to use many intimate observers to collect O-data? A) You are interested in studying multiple social personalities. B) Professional observers are especially biased. C) You are interested in studying personality in a public context. D) It is important to know if a person has lots of friends. Version 1 5 24) Which of the following statements about O-data is FALSE? A) Intimate observers can fail to see flaws in loved ones they report about. B) Intimate observers are useless if they do not understand personality psychology. C) Intimate observers may have hidden agendas unknown to investigators. D) Intimate observers may not have access to the information the researcher is seeking. 25) Research from the University of Toronto suggests that observer ratings of personality are better predictors of performance behaviours at work compared to A) self-ratings. B) interview data. C) survey data. D) online surveys. 26) Naturalistic observation occurs A) only when a person does not know that he or she is being observed. B) when we observe people in the normal course of their daily lives. C) when we observe people in a natural setting like a forest, beach, or desert. D) only when humans, not machines, provide the personality ratings. 27) The "bridge-building test" is an example of A) S-data. B) O-data. C) T-data. D) L-data. 28) Test data differs from observer-report data in that A) test data usually requires less inference about the behaviour of the participants. B) people who collect test data are more objective than observers. C) test data is always more expensive to collect than other types of data. D) test data always is more reliable than observer data. 29) Which of the following is NOT a potential problem in collecting T-data? A) Participants might guess what is being measured and alter their behaviour. B) Attempts to gather T-data often elicit behaviour from the participants. C) The testing situation might not be viewed the same by participants and researchers. D) A researcher can inadvertently influence behaviour in the testing situation. Version 1 6 30) The Megargee study of sex roles and dominance found that A) there are no significant differences in dominance between men and women. B) women did not want to be followers as they generally lacked mechanical ability. C) dominant women behave differently than equally dominant men. D) dominant men became submissive under certain experimental conditions. 31) The Megargee study highlights all of these features of T-data EXCEPT A) laboratory test data is sensitive to personality characteristics. B) there are often interesting links between self-report data and test data. C) the interpersonal style of the experimenter changed the results of the study. D) it is possible to set up conditions that make indicators of personality observable. 32) Megargee found that dominant women tend to leadership roles when placed in mixed gender dyads with . A) assume; submissive males B) delegate; submissive males C) assume; dominant males D) delegate; submissive females 33) The "actometer" has been used to measure A) activity level. B) action counts. C) actor influence. D) length of the activity. 34) A study discussed in the text showed that activity level measured by a mechanical device at age 3 correlated with all of the following EXCEPT A) activity level measured by the same device at age 4. B) activity level in adulthood. C) teacher's ratings of activity level. D) teacher's ratings of traits other than activity level. 35) The best reason to use a mechanical device, such as an actometer, is that A) it permits the researcher to be free to measure other things in the study. B) it is free from biases associated with human raters. C) mechanical devices can assess a wide range of overt and covert behaviours. D) it is easier to use with children than using questionnaires. Version 1 7 36) The best way to measure the speed at which people process information would be to use A) physiological data. B) projective tests. C) an actometer. D) fMRI data specifically. 37) When most people (but those with psychopathy) look at fear-inducing photographs A) their startle response is no different than usual. B) their startle response is faster than usual. C) their startle response is slower than usual. D) they cannot be startled. 38) Which of the following is NOT a limitation of physiological data? A) It usually requires an artificial setting. B) Participants may not construe the testing situation as the researchers do. C) It is easy to fake desirable responses. D) It shares most of the other limitations of other types of test data. 39) The use of functional magnetic resonance imaging (FMRI) A) is extremely useful for eliciting eyeblink responses when individuals are startled. B) can be used to assess an individual's activity level. C) measures oxygen flow in the brain due to blood concentrations. D) is used to discover individuals with "magnetic" personalities. 40) Projective techniques are examples of A) S-data. B) O-data. C) T-data. D) L-data. 41) Rasheed is asked to tell the researcher what he sees in a series of inkblots. He is completing a(n) A) projective test. B) ambiguous test. C) psychoanalytic test. D) visual span test. Version 1 8 42) Projective tests are considered test data for all of these reasons EXCEPT A) all participants are given the same instructions during the testing session. B) all persons are placed in a standardized testing situation. C) the stimuli are ambiguous to all of the participants in the study. D) personality characteristics are believed to be elicited by the stimuli. 43) The use of differentiates projective tests from other kinds of test data. A) standardized scoring B) ambiguous stimuli C) psychoanalytic assumptions D) video projectors 44) Projective techniques are unlike other types of T-data because A) everyone receives the same instructions. B) they reveal responses that indicate personality. C) they use a standard testing situation. D) responses are usually interpreted. 45) When scoring an inkblot test, a psychologist considers all of these EXCEPT A) what the person saw in the inkblots. B) where the person saw things in the inkblots. C) how the person acted while taking the inkblot test. D) the length of time taken by the person. 46) Proponents of projective tests argue that they are the best measure of A) subjective experience. B) physiology. C) unconscious material. D) social expectations. 47) Proponents of projective tests believe that these tests A) are useful for assessing wishes, desires, fantasies, etc. a person may not be aware of and cannot disclose in other ways. B) are useful for determining the reactions individuals have when they are placed in ambiguous situations. C) are useful in eliciting unconscious anger and inciting arguments in married couples during laboratory sessions. D) are best used in areas of personality psychology that relate to psychopathology and mental illness. Version 1 9 48) L-data are any data that are concerned with A) the lies an individual tells. B) the life of a person. C) the lability of the nervous system. D) the likeability of an individual. 49) A study discussed in the text showed that childhood temper tantrums predicted divorce. This is an example of predicting . A) T-data; S-data B) O-data; L-data C) L-data; T-data D) S-data; T-data 50) A study discussed in the text showed that children who had more temper tantrums also had A) more negative life outcomes. B) more positive life outcomes. C) life outcomes similar to children with fewer temper tantrums. D) more temper tantrums as adults. 51) You conduct a study of the general population and collect information on the number of marriages and/or divorces a person has experienced to date, if any. Additionally, you send out a questionnaire to select participants, which they are asked to complete before returning in the mail. This study is using A) life-report data and test data. B) life-report data and observer-report data. C) self-report data and test data. D) self-report data and life-report data. 52) Lucy is trying to buy a new car. She finds that she can only get a loan at a very unfavourable interest rate due to the financial trouble she created for herself with a credit card she got while in university. Lucy's poor credit rating is an example of at work. A) life-report data B) observer-report data C) commercial-report data D) investment-report data Version 1 10 53) S-data will agree more with O-data when A) T-data is not available. B) the trait being assessed is unconscious. C) the trait being assessed requires few inferences. D) the trait being assessed is not easily observable. 54) New measures of personality are often designed in ways that minimize participants' efforts to A) fake their responses. B) appear in socially desirable ways. C) Both "fake their responses" and "appear in socially desirable ways." D) None of the choices are correct. 55) The Self-Deceptive Enhancement subscale of the Balanced Inventory of Desirable Responding (BIDR) measures A) more conscious motivations to respond in a socially desirable way. B) respondents' tendency to exaggerate or inflate their social and intellectual status. C) respondents' self-presentation motives. D) respondents' tendency to be dishonest with themselves in their daily lives. 56) Impression management is most highly correlated with which 2 'Big Five' traits? A) Agreeableness, Conscientiousness B) Agreeableness, Extraversion C) Conscientiousness, Extraversion D) Agreeableness, Openness to Experience 57) Canadian research suggests that positive illusions about oneself are maladaptive in which kind of circumstances? A) Emotional B) Financial C) Health D) Interpersonal 58) The best reason to use multiple sources of data in personality research is to A) establish cross-data source consistency across all of the sources of data. B) increase the validity of each of the data sources under investigation. C) average out any idiosyncrasies of any particular single source of data. D) increase the resultant split half reliability coefficients. Version 1 11 59) "Triangulation" refers to A) assessing personality traits in geometric space. B) a statistical technique that compares three traits. C) assessing personality with various types of data. D) a method for plotting personality profiles. 60) You measure dominance in business executives in a variety of ways. The executives complete a dominance questionnaire and their employees complete observer reports of their boss' dominance. You examine the executives' employment histories and measure their serum testosterone. Collecting all this data about one specific personality characteristic is called A) cross-fertilization. B) triangulation. C) cross-validation. D) data manipulation. 61) "Reliability" refers to the ability A) to assign a personality test score to a person. B) to measure what the personality test purports to measure. C) of the personality test to produce the same test score for an individual at other testing. D) of a personality test to measure other personality traits. 62) is NOT a form of reliability. A) Split-half reliability B) Inter-rater reliability C) Construct reliability D) Test-retest reliability 63) If a personality measure is given to a person four times, and each time the person receives the same score, we know the measure is A) reliable. B) valid. C) statistically significant. D) repetitive. Version 1 12 64) If a person receives similar scores when taking a personality test many times, that test has high A) alternative-form reliability. B) generalization. C) internal consistency. D) test-retest reliability. 65) "Validity" refers to the ability A) of the personality test to produce the same test score for an individual at other testing. B) to assign a personality test score to a person. C) of a personality test to measure other personality traits. D) to measure what the personality test purports to measure. 66) You develop an awesomeness scale. It consists of one item, "How awesome are you?" The most likely form of validity represented by this scale is A) criterion. B) face. C) construct. D) internal. 67) Which of the following terms describes the extent to which a test actually measures what it claims to measure? A) Reliability B) Validity C) Correlation coefficient D) Internal consistency 68) If a questionnaire test of sociability correlates with the number of conversations people have, the sociability test has high A) discriminant validity. B) face validity. C) generalizability. D) predictive validity. 69) Observer ratings of narcissism correlate with the number of times individuals refer to themselves during subsequent interviews. This relationship demonstrates A) predictive validity. B) inter-rater reliability. C) discriminant validity. D) split-half reliability. Version 1 13 70) When alternative measures of the same construct correlate highly with a test, the test can be described as having high A) convergent validity. B) discriminant validity. C) face validity. D) predictive validity. 71) When three measures of extraversion correlate highly with each other they can be described as having A) discriminant validity. B) triangulated validity. C) convergent validity. D) inter-test validity. 72) Establishing that a test does not correlate with measures of unrelated constructs indicates high A) convergent validity. B) discriminant validity. C) face validity. D) dysfunctional validity. 73) Shoe size is positively correlated with height and hand size, but not correlated with intelligence. Shoe size has validity with height and hand size and validity with intelligence. A) convergent; discriminant B) discriminant; convergent C) predictive; face D) face; predictive 74) The type of validity that subsumes all other types of validity is A) predictive validity. B) construct validity. C) face validity. D) discriminant validity. 75) If a test of suggestibility measures suggestibility the test has A) face validity. B) test validity. C) predictive validity. D) construct validity. Version 1 14 76) All personality variables are A) highly heritable. B) unconscious. C) theoretical constructs. D) easily assessed with questionnaires. 77) If a measure is equally valid in people of different ages, genders, and cultures, it can be described as having high A) face validity. B) construct validity. C) statistical significance. D) generalizability. 78) A test needs to be to be a(n) test, but every test is NOT NECESSARILY a(n) test. A) reliable; valid; reliable; valid B) valid; reliable; valid; reliable C) easy; good; easy; good D) good; easy; good; easy 79) Which of the following is NOT important in evaluating a personality measure? A) Manipulation B) Generalizability C) Validity D) Reliability 80) If a measure predicts behaviours in many contexts, it has high A) discriminant validity. B) reliability. C) generalizability. D) coherence. 81) A measure of extraversion that has construct validity in samples in Canada also has construct validity with university samples of participants assessed for extraversion in Japan. This demonstrates A) convergent validity. B) generalizability. C) test-retest reliability. D) cross-cultural validity. Version 1 15 82) Which of the following is NOT one of the major types of research design? A) Correlational B) Physiological C) Experimental D) Case study 83) Which of the following research methods is best suited to establishing causality? A) Correlational B) Experimental C) Case study D) Historical 84) In order to show that variable A causes variable B, you need to variable A. A) manipulate B) counter balance C) randomly assign D) control 85) In order to establish causality, participants in all conditions should be A) manipulated. B) equivalent. C) undergraduate students. D) counter balanced. 86) The process of random assignment helps to ensure A) statistical significance. B) good counter balancing. C) equivalence. D) fairness. 87) In an experimental design, the manipulated variable is called the variable. A) dependent B) controlled C) independent D) causal Version 1 16 88) The reason experimental designs are counterbalanced is to control A) manipulations. B) personality effects. C) random assignment. D) order effects. 89) In an experimental design, it is important to know if observed differences between experimental groups are A) directional. B) statistically significant. C) correlational. D) inferential. 90) Which of the following pieces of information is NOT needed to establish statistical significance in an experimental design? A) The mean B) The standard deviation C) Alpha coefficient D) Sample size 91) If a researcher wants to know whether or not people who score high on extraversion also score high on activity level, the researcher should use the method. A) experimental B) case study C) correlational D) ANOVA 92) If people who score high on extraversion also score high on measures of happiness, extraversion and happiness are A) not correlated. B) positively correlated. C) negatively correlated. D) possibly correlated, but there is not enough information here to know. 93) Self-esteem and depression are probably correlated. A) not B) positively C) negatively D) irregularly Version 1 17 94) If dominance correlates positively with self-esteem, we know that A) dominance causes self-esteem. B) self-esteem causes dominance. C) people who score high on dominance also tend to score high on self-esteem. D) people who score high on dominance tend to score low on self-esteem. 95) Correlation cannot provide any information about A) significance. B) causality. C) directionality. D) generalizability. 96) Statistically significant correlations may be observed between two variables that are actually unrelated. This is an example of A) correlations inferring causality. B) the directionality problem. C) the third variable problem. D) the restriction of range problem. 97) The case study method can be useful for A) generating new hypotheses. B) knowing how two variables are related in a given population. C) establishing causality. D) proving a hypothesis to the scientific community. 98) In using the case study method, a researcher A) must follow rigorous guidelines. B) must collect all four types of data. C) must try to generalize findings to other people. D) can gather any kind of data he or she finds useful. 99) Case studies of famous serial killer Ted Bundy revealed all of the following about his personality except that A) he had a classic psychopathic personality. B) he expressed some remorse for his crimes. C) he displayed warning signs in his childhood known as the ‘homicidal triad.' D) he had repeated failures to meet normally expected obligations of school and work. Version 1 18 100) Tomiko wants to study the relationship between income and dominance. Which personality research method would she be most likely to use? A) Case study B) Correlational design C) Experimental design D) Naturalistic observation 101) Jacques is interested in finding out if caffeine affects levels of task performance for introverts and extraverts. From which research method would Jacques benefit the most? A) Case study B) Correlational design C) Experimental design D) Naturalistic observation 102) Jade is interested in developing a scale to measure entrepreneurial personality types. As an initial step in this research program, what should she do? A) Conduct a case study of famous entrepreneurs like Mary Kay, Estée Lauder, and Donald Trump. B) Have several business people observed in their natural environments. C) Conduct a correlational study of the relationship between social status and social dominance. D) Have two groups of business people play Monopoly with different amounts of startup money. 103) The process of repeating a research study with different participants and in different settings or situations in order to gain confidence about the findings is referred to as A) meta-analysis. B) experimentation. C) replication. D) reproduction. 104) is a quantitative process used to examine conclusions across studies and integrate the findings so that they can be better understood collectively. A) Replication B) Correlation C) Meta-analysis D) Experimentation Version 1 19 105) You are a researcher studying a new phenomenon which has never been studied before by psychologists. is a process that you would likely engage in early on in your studies, while is a process that you would strive to achieve over time. A) case study; meta-analysis B) experimentation; replication C) case study; experimentation D) replication; meta-analysis Version 1 20 Answer Key Test name: Chapter 2 1) A 2) B 3) C 4) D 5) A 6) A 7) C 8) A 9) A 10) C 11) B 12) C 13) A 14) D 15) B 16) B 17) C 18) A 19) B 20) B 21) D 22) D 23) A 24) B 25) A 26) B 27) C 28) A 29) B 30) C 31) C 32) B 33) A 34) B 35) B 36) A 37) B Version 1 21 38) C 39) C 40) C 41) A 42) C 43) B 44) C 45) D 46) C 47) A 48) B 49) B 50) A 51) D 52) A 53) C 54) C 55) B 56) A 57) D 58) C 59) C 60) B 61) C 62) C 63) A 64) D 65) D 66) B 67) B 68) D 69) A 70) A 71) C 72) B 73) A 74) B 75) D 76) C 77) D Version 1 22 78) A 79) A 80) C 81) B 82) B 83) B 84) A 85) B 86) C 87) C 88) D 89) B 90) C 91) C 92) B 93) C 94) C 95) B 96) C 97) A 98) D 99) B 100) B 101) C 102) A 103) B 104) C 105) B Version 1 1 Chapter 3 Student name: MULTIPLE CHOICE - Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1) Which of the following is NOT a fundamental question of people who study traits? A) How can traits be changed? B) Which traits are most important? C) How can we identify which traits are most important in research D) How can we develop a comprehensive taxonomy of traits? 2) The "traits as causes" perspective on personality characteristics is useful in all of the following areas EXCEPT A) ruling out alternative explanations for behaviour. B) explaining why a person's behaviour seems inconsistent with a trait at times. C) viewing traits as internal structures. D) counting how often a behaviour is performed. 3) Ellen works into the night studying for chemistry and biology examinations to reach her goal of entering medical school. She studies so hard that she often appears bored and uninterested in class. Which of the following trait formulations best explains Ellen's personality characteristics? A) Traits as internal causes. B) Traits as purely descriptive summary. C) Traits as biological structure. D) Traits as genetic predisposition. 4) From the "traits as descriptive summaries" point of view, which of the following would be the most convincing evidence that a person has a given trait? A) The person behaves in ways consistent with that trait. B) The person says that they have the trait. C) The person's behaviour is caused by situations. D) The person's traits are caused by biology and heredity. Version 1 2 5) If the trait of stinginess is viewed as a purely descriptive summary of behaviour, it can be represented best by A) Johan’s constant thoughts about spending too much money. B) Andrew always leaving a very small tip at restaurants. C) Beth living with several roommates. D) Mohammad not contributing for a gift for a coworker. 6) Which of the following is an example of the view that traits are descriptive summaries? A) Eysenck's theory B) Theoretical scale construction C) The act frequency approach D) The sociosexual orientation scale 7) If you collect the central behaviours for a category and assess how frequently people perform those behaviours you would be using the act _ approach to studying personality. A) manipulation B) selection C) frequency D) analysis 8) A robin is a more example of bird than is a penguin. A) prototypical B) aerodynamic C) orthodontic D) elemental 9) The "frequency" part of the "act frequency approach" represents how often an individual performs a behaviour in a period of time. This element of the act frequency approach is assessed by act ratings. A) nomination B) performance C) occurrence D) repetition 10) The identifies how much of a trait a person has by counting relevant behaviours. A) circumplex model B) act frequency approach C) rational approach to scale construction D) theoretical approach to scale construction Version 1 3 11) Which of the following is NOT typically a step in the act frequency approach? A) Act nominations B) Assessing synonym frequency C) Recording of act performance D) Prototypicality judgments 12) What procedure do researchers use to identify the potential hundreds of acts that belong to a trait category? A) Act nominations B) Act effectiveness C) Act performance D) Act likelihood 13) Roberto is interested in studying the trait of empathy using the act frequency approach. He asks each of the participants in this phase of the study to write down several behaviours highly empathetic people might perform. Roberto collects a pool of 251 empathetic acts. This is called the act procedure of the act frequency approach. A) nominalization B) nomenclature C) nomination D) nomothetic 14) used by the act frequency approach to figure out which acts are most central to a trait category. A) Act nominations are B) Assessing synonym frequency is C) Recording of act performance is D) Prototypicality judgments are 15) If the act "she made direct eye contact and smiled" is central to the category of flirting, it would be considered a(n) act for that category of behaviour. A) effective B) likely C) prototypical D) centrifugal Version 1 4 16) Which of the following is NOT one of the criticisms of the act frequency approach to studying personality? A) The amount of context for the performance of acts is not specified by the act frequency approach. B) The act frequency approach does not assess acts that are covert or directly observable. C) The act frequency approach assesses explicit behavioural phenomenon. D) The act frequency approach may not assess complex traits easily or accurately. 17) The approach that uses natural language to identify important traits is the approach. A) lexical B) theoretical C) statistical D) act frequency 18) The idea that all important individual differences have been encoded within the natural language is known as A) the lexical hypothesis. B) the projective hypothesis. C) factor analysis. D) a personality taxonomy. 19) The lexical approach assumes that A) the lexicon is an unchanging catalog of human traits. B) humans invented words to describe all of the important personality traits. C) statistical techniques, like factor analysis, are poor ways of discovering important personality traits. D) new words in the lexicon are better at describing personality traits than old words. 20) Dr. Larsen is interested in researching the personalities of Smurfs. He collects all the terms that Smurfs use in the Smurf cartoons to differentiate themselves from one another. Dr. Larsen is using the approach to identifying important traits. A) maniacal B) statistical C) prototypical D) lexical Version 1 5 21) If a trait-descriptive word is found in only one or two languages the word A) will probably be imported by other languages. B) will probably be important to a universal personality taxonomy. C) will probably not be included in a universal personality taxonomy. D) is probably known only to personality psychologists. 22) Which of the following would be one way that you might determine the importance of a trait using the lexical strategy? A) Find the number of synonyms for that characteristic in the lexicon. B) Determine if that trait is represented in all parts of the lexicon (noun, verb, adjective, etc.). C) Examine the lexicon for biological words that represent that trait. D) Determine if there are words representing each pole (end) of that trait in the language. 23) Which approach would most likely be used to undertake cross-cultural comparisons of language? A) Lexical approach B) Theoretical approach C) Statistical approach D) Act frequency approach 24) If a trait is sufficiently important that it appears in the lexicon of most human languages, then that trait demonstrates the concept of universality. A) act B) cross-cultural C) trait D) synonym 25) The idea that a language might have numerous words for happiness is most consistent with the approach. A) lexical B) theoretical C) statistical D) act frequency Version 1 6 26) The fact that there are trait-descriptive adjectives that few people know is a problem for the approach. A) lexical B) theoretical C) statistical D) act frequency 27) Which of the following approaches would utilize the technique of factor analysis? A) Lexical approach B) Theoretical approach C) Statistical approach D) Act frequency approach 28) If factor analysis is used to reduce the number of trait descriptive adjectives in a pool of words, one is combining the approaches. A) lexical and statistical B) theoretical and statistical C) act frequency and statistical D) theoretical and act frequency 29) Factor analysis cannot be applied to A) adjective ratings. B) a true/false questionnaire. C) self-ratings on personality relevant statements. D) a case study. 30) is a statistical approach that identifies groups of items that are similar to each other. A) Orthogonality B) Factor analysis C) The act frequency approach D) Rational scale construction 31) Factor loadings indicate the between an item and a factor. A) correlation B) deviation C) analysis D) kurtosis Version 1 7 32) Which of the following is useful in reducing the number of personality traits to a more manageable number? A) Synonym frequency B) The act frequency approach C) Factor analysis D) Cross-cultural universality 33) A problem with factor analysis is that A) it leads to an unmanageable number of traits. B) you can only identify traits that you include in your analysis. C) factor loadings are like correlations. D) it reduces the number of traits being studied. 34) A researcher who defines a specific set of traits as a part of a model of personality before conducting any empirical investigation of that model of personality is taking the approach to theory development. A) lexical B) theoretical C) statistical D) empirical 35) Psychologists Simpson and Gangestad developed the concept of sociosexuality based on evolutionary theory. Then they developed the sociosexual orientation inventory. They employed the approach to developing a model of personality. A) lexical B) theoretical C) statistical D) act frequency 36) Ander believes that the having a large big toe is related to how extraverted a person may be, while having a large small toe is an indicator of how conscientious a person may be. He then starts measuring toe size and personality traits. Ander’s research represents the approach to studying personality. A) act frequency B) lexical C) statistical D) theoretical Version 1 8 37) A Freudian scholar develops personality measures to assess oral, anal, and phallic fixations. The scholar is using the approach to identifying important individual differences. A) psychoanalytic B) theoretical C) regressive D) clinical 38) Which of the following is a criticism of the theoretical approach? A) The approach can only be as good as the theory. B) It is theoretically based. C) It depends on the lexical hypothesis. D) It has restricted investigations to adjectives. 39) Which of the following researchers supported controversial and inaccurate ideas about the relationship between race and IQ? A) Goldberg B) Wiggins C) Eysenck D) Leary 40) Whose model of personality includes three main traits? A) Costa and McCrae B) Wiggins C) Eysenck D) Cattell 41) Which taxonomy was developed by identifying traits that were thought to be heritable and thought to have biological substrates? A) PEN model B) HEXACO model C) The Wiggins circumplex D) The five factor model 42) A worrier would likely score high on the trait of A) extraversion. B) neuroticism. C) psychoticism. D) quarrelsomeness. Version 1 9 43) Juanita is observed as being somewhat aloof and distant. She tends to lead a predictable and well-organized life. Juanita is demonstrating behaviours related to Eysenck's dimension of A) introversion. B) conscientiousness. C) agency. D) psychoticism. 44) Fu is an excessive worrier, who always seems tense and has trouble sleeping. His friends report that Fu has very low self-esteem and is moody much of the time. Fu is demonstrating behaviours related to Eysenck's dimension of A) introversion. B) quarrelsomeness. C) psychoticism. D) neuroticism. 45) A person who is antisocial and lacks empathy would score high on the trait of A) extraversion. B) neuroticism. C) psychoticism. D) introversion 46) Salspends a lot of time alone and doesn't have many friends. He likes to catch flies and pull their wings off when he's bored. He is also addicted to violent movies. Sal most likely scores high on the personality trait of A) introversion. B) psychoticism. C) sensation seeking. D) neuroticism. 47) Which taxonomy includes a four-level hierarchy of specific acts, habitual acts, traits, and super traits? A) The PEN model B) HEXACO Model C) The Wiggins circumplex D) The five-factor model Version 1 10 48) Eysenck put the most important traits at A) the top of his hierarchy. B) the bottom of his hierarchy. C) an intermediate level in his hierarchy. D) the third level of his hierarchy. 49) Which of the following is NOT an attribute of Eysenck's taxonomy? A) Hierarchical structure. B) Traits are heritable. C) Traits have many synonyms. D) Traits have physiological substrates. 50) According to Eysenck, which of the following traits is related to central nervous system arousal and reactivity? A) Extraversion B) Neuroticism C) Psychoticism D) Dominance 51) Eysenck's taxonomy has been criticized on which one of these issues? A) The traits in Eysenck's model are not heritable in the population. B) Eysenck failed to include some important personality traits in his model. C) Eysenck did not take the physiological substrates of traits into consideration in his model. D) There is a dispute about whether or not personality traits are arranged hierarchically. 52) Who of the following was the first to propose a circumplex model of personality? A) Costa & McCrae B) Wiggins C) Eysenck D) Leary 53) are traits that describe how people act with other people. A) Factor loadings B) Adjacent traits C) Bipolar traits D) Interpersonal traits Version 1 11 54) Circumplex models are composed of primary dimensions of personality. A) two B) three C) five D) eight 55) The primary dimensions in Wiggins's circumplex model are love and A) hate. B) dominance. C) interpersonal behaviour. D) neuroticism. 56) Wiggins' circumplex model of personality is limited to traits that A) have a biological basis in the nervous system. B) pertain to what people do to and with each other. C) show how people interact with the environment. D) were found in the LSD experiences of subjects. 57) Which of the following is NOT a clear advantage of Wiggins's circumplex model of personality? A) The relationship of each and every other trait is specified in the model. B) There is an explicit definition of the nature of interpersonal behaviour. C) It alerts researchers to gaps in knowledge about some interpersonal behaviours. D) The relationships between traits can be traced to biological-based traits. 58) The concept of holds that items near one another in a circumplex are positively correlated. A) adjacency B) bipolarity C) orthogonality D) factor loadings 59) In Wiggins' model of personality, bipolar traits are A) related to clinical disorders. B) uncorrelated with other. C) on opposite sides of the circle. D) orthogonal with each other. Version 1 12 60) Traits that are orthogonal with each other. A) are not correlated B) have a strong positive correlation C) have a negative correlation D) are causally linked 61) describes the relationship between traits that are perpendicular to one another in a circumplex. A) "Adjacency" B) "Bipolarity" C) "Orthogonality" D) "Polarity" 62) In Wiggins' circumplex, the traits of dominance and warmth-agreeableness are A) adjacent. B) bipolar. C) orthogonal. D) polar opposites. 63) Which of the following is NOT a strength of the Wiggins interpersonal circumplex? A) It identifies new areas of research by mapping the interpersonal domain. B) It includes all the traits needed to understand interpersonal behaviour. C) It specifies the relationships between items in the circumplex. D) It explicitly defines what interpersonal behaviour is. 64) Wiggins' dimensions of status and love correspond with what two primary traits underlying social behaviour? A) Extraversion and agreeableness, respectively. B) Agreeableness and extraversion, respectively. C) Agency and communion, respectively. D) Dominance and submissiveness, respectively. 65) More research in the past few decades has focused on this taxonomy than other taxonomies. A) PEN model B) HEXACO model C) The Wiggins circumplex D) The five factor model Version 1 13 66) The five-factor model is a combination of approaches to studying personality taxonomies. A) lexical and statistical B) lexical and biological C) theoretical and statistical D) statistical and causal 67) Where did Allport and Odbert locate 17,953 trait terms? A) Act nominations B) Self reports C) Dictionary D) Peer ratings 68) Which one of the following is NOT one of the four categories into which Allport and Odbert divided the 17,953 trait terms? A) Stable traits B) Unstable traits C) Temporary states D) Social evaluations 69) The first researcher to discover the five factor model of personality by analyzing the structure of trait descriptive adjectives was A) Costa. B) Allport. C) Fiske. D) Tupes. 70) Researchers have found empirical evidence for the five-factor model in all of these ways EXCEPT A) similar factor structures for men and women. B) different factor analytic techniques. C) extensively in English-speaking samples. D) in five robust biological structures. 71) The five-factor model of personality consists of these five traits: A) surgency, sensation seeking, conscientious, psychoticism, and openness-intellect. B) extraversion, surgency, agreeableness, intellect, and dominance. C) psychoticism, extraversion, neuroticism, agreeableness, and openness-intellect. D) extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, neuroticism, and openness-intellect. Version 1 14 72) A problem with the five-factor model is that A) the five factors are only found in males. B) the structure does not replicate across item formats. C) researchers disagree about what to call the fifth factor. D) most factors do not replicate across cultures. 73) In the five-factor model, the fifth factor is NOT called A) intellect. B) openness. C) openness-intellect. D) surgency. 74) What is one of the reasons that researchers have had trouble agreeing about the nature of the fifth factor of the five-factor model of personality? A) Cross-cultural researchers have been unable to study the fifth factor across many languages. B) Different researchers use different item pools in the factor analysis of big five data. C) Researchers using questionnaire items favor "openness to experience" as the trait label. D) Researchers using trait descriptive adjectives favor "intellect" as the trait label. 75) In five-factor models of personality, an alternative way to refer to low neuroticism is A) low anxiety. B) low emotional stability. C) high anxiety. D) high emotional stability. 76) In five-factor models of personality, surgency is another name for A) introversion. B) extraversion. C) agreeableness. D) openness. 77) A person who is good natured and cooperative would score high on the trait of A) surgency. B) agreeableness. C) conscientiousness. D) emotional stability. Version 1 15 78) A person who is responsible and tidy would score high on the trait of A) surgency. B) agreeableness. C) conscientiousness. D) emotional stability. 79) According to the textbook, one reason that people high in neuroticism may underperform in the workplace is A) their experience of greater emotional fatigue and burnout. B) their tendency to feel guilty on the job. C) their difficulty in overcoming obstacles. D) their poor interpersonal skills. 80) A person who engages in risky sexual behaviour would have this combination of five factor traits: A) high neuroticism, low conscientious, and low agreeableness. B) high extraversion, low conscientiousness, and moderate emotional stability. C) high extraversion, high openness to experience, and low conscientiousness. D) high neuroticism, low intellect, and low extraversion. 81) A person who tends to happy and experience positive affect in life would have this combination of five facto