Pearson Edexcel Level 1/Level 2 GCSE (9–1) Geography B PAPER 3: People and
Environmental Issues Making Geographical Decisions Question Paper 2023
Please check the examination details below before entering your candidate information
Candidate surname Other names
Centre Number Candidate Number
Pearson Edexcel Level 1/Level 2 GCSE (9–1)
Friday 16 June 2023
Afternoon (Time: 1 hour 30 minutes)
Paper
reference 1GB0/03
Geography B ⬟ ⬟
PAPER 3: People and Environmental Issues
Making Geographical Decisions
You must have: Total Marks
Resource Booklet (enclosed)
Calculator
Instructions
•• Use black ink or ball-point pen.
Fill in the boxes at the top of this page with your name,
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•• Answer all questions.
Answer the questions in the spaces provided
– there may be more space than you need.
Information
•• The total mark for this paper is 64.
The marks for each question are shown in brackets
– use this as a guide as to how much time to spend on each question.
• The marks available for spelling, punctuation and grammar are clearly indicated.
Advice
• Read each question carefully before you start to answer it.
• Try to answer every question.
• Check your answers if you have time at the end.
Turn over
P72571A
, SECTION A
People and the Biosphere
Answer ALL questions. Write your answers in the spaces provided.
Some questions must be answered with a cross in a box . If you change your mind about an
answer, put a line through the box and then mark your new answer with a cross .
1 Use Section A (pages 2, 3 and 4) in the Resource Booklet to answer this question.
(a) Study Figure 1.
(i) Name the ecosystem which covers the largest area of land in Figure 1.
(1)
. . . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. .. . . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . . .. . .. .. . . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. .. . . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . . . .. . .. . .. . ... . . .. . .. . .
(ii) Identify two statements which correctly describe the past distribution of
forest on the map in Figure 1.
(2)
A The forest was fairly evenly distributed
B Forests grew mainly in central areas of Iceland
C Forests grew mainly near the edges of the land
D More forest was in the south-east of Iceland
E More forest was in the south-west of Iceland
(b) Using your own knowledge, name one forest biome that is not present in Iceland.
(1)
. . . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. .. . . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . . .. . .. .. . . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. .. . . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . . . .. . .. . .. . ... . . .. . .. . .
2
, (c) Using evidence from Figures 1 and 2, suggest two ways in which Iceland’s
physical geography influences the distribution of its ecosystems.
(4)
DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA
DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA
1 . . . . . . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . . . . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . . . . .. . .. . .. . . .. . .. . .. .
. . . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. .. . . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . . . . .. .. . . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. .. . . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . . .. . .. . ... . . .. . .. . .. .
. . . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. .. . . .. . .. . . . . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . . . . .. .. . . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. .. . . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . . .. . .. . ... . . .. . .. . .. .
. . . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. .. . . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . . . . .. .. . . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. .. . . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . . .. . .. . ... . . .. . .. . .. .
2 . . . . . . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . . . . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . . .. . .. . .. .
. . . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. .. . . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . . . . .. .. . . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. .. . . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . . .. . .. . ... . . .. . .. . .. .
. . . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. .. . . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . . . . .. .. . . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. .. . . . . . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . . .. . .. . ... . . .. . .. . .. .
. . . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. .. . . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . . . . .. .. . . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. .. . . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . . .. . .. . ... . . .. . .. . .. .
(Total for Question 1 = 8 marks)
DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA
DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA
TOTAL FOR SECTION A = 8 MARKS
DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA
DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA
3
, SECTION B
Forests Under Threat
ue stions. Write your answers in the spaces provided.
Answer ALL q
Some questions must be answered with a cross in a box . If you change your mind about an
answer, put a line through the box and then mark your new answer with a cross .
2 Use Section B (page 5) in the Resource Booklet to answer this question.
(a) Study Figure 3.
(i) Which one of the following is the best definition of biodiversity?
(1)
A The percentage of forest which has been removed
B The different forests found in a country
C The rate of nutrient cycling in an ecosystem
D The number of plant and animal species
(ii) Using Figure 3 and your own knowledge, explain one human reason and one
physical reason why very little of Iceland’s forest remains.
(4)
Human reason
. ... .... . .... ... . ... .... . ... .... ... ..... . ...... . ... .... ... ..... . ... .... . .. .... . . .. .... . ... .... . . .... .. . ... .... . ... .... . .. .... . . . .... .. .... ... . ... .... . . .... .. ... ..... ... ..... ........ .. .... . . . .... .. ... ..... . ....... . . .... .. ... .... ... ..... . ... .... . ... .... ... . . . . .. . .. . ... . . .. . .. . .
. ... .... . .... ... . ... .... . ... .... ... ..... . ...... . ... .... ... ..... . ... .... . .. .... . . .. .... . ... .... . . .... .. . ... .... . ... .... . .. .... . . . .... .. .... ... . ... .... . . .... .. ... ..... ... ..... ........ .. .... . . . .... .. ... ..... . ....... . . .... .. ... .... ... ..... . ... .... . ... .... ... . . . . .. . .. . ... . . .. . .. . .
. ... .... . .... ... . ... .... . ... .... ... ..... . ...... . ... .... ... ..... . ... .... . .. .... . . .. .... . ... .... . . .... .. . ... .... . ... .... . .. .... . . . .... .. .... ... . ... .... . . .... .. ... ..... ... ..... ........ .. .... . . . .... .. ... ..... . ....... . . .... .. ... .... ... ..... . ... .... . ... .... ... . . . . .. . .. . ... . . .. . .. . .
. ... .... . .... ... . ... .... . ... .... ... ..... . ...... . ... .... ... ..... . ... .... . .. .... . . .. .... . ... .... . . .... .. . ... .... . ... .... . .. .... . . . .... .. .... ... . ... .... . . .... .. ... ..... ... ..... ........ .. .... . . . .... .. ... ..... . ....... . . .... .. ... .... ... ..... . ... .... . ... .... ... . . . . .. . .. . ... . . .. . .. . .
Physical reason
. ... .... . .... ... . ... .... . ... .... ... ..... . ...... . ... .... ... ..... . ... .... . .. .... . . .. .... . ... .... . . .... .. . ... .... . ... .... . .. .... . . . .... .. .... ... . ... .... . . .... .. ... ..... ... ..... ........ .. .... . . . .... .. ... ..... . ....... . . .... .. ... .... ... ..... . ... .... . ... .... ... . . . . .. . .. . ... . . .. . .. . .
. ... .... . .... ... . ... .... . ... .... ... ..... . ...... . ... .... ... ..... . ... .... . .. .... . . .. .... . ... .... . . .... .. . ... .... . ... .... . .. .... . . . .... .. .... ... . ... .... . . .... .. ... ..... ... ..... ........ .. .... . . . .... .. ... ..... . ....... . . .... .. ... .... ... ..... . ... .... . ... .... ... . . . . .. . .. . ... . . .. . .. . .
. ... .... . .... ... . ... .... . ... .... ... ..... . ...... . ... .... ... ..... . ... .... . .. .... . . .. .... . ... .... . . .... .. . ... .... . ... .... . .. .... . . . .... .. .... ... . ... .... . . .... .. ... ..... ... ..... ........ .. .... . . . .... .. ... ..... . ....... . . .... .. ... .... ... ..... . ... .... . ... .... ... . . . . .. . .. . ... . . .. . .. . .
. ... .... . .... ... . ... .... . ... .... ... ..... . ...... . ... .... ... ..... . ... .... . .. .... . . .. .... . ... .... . . .... .. . ... .... . ... .... . .. .... . . . .... .. .... ... . ... .... . . .... .. ... ..... ... ..... ........ .. .... . . . .... .. ... ..... . ....... . . .... .. ... .... ... ..... . ... .... . ... .... ... . . . . .. . .. . ... . . .. . .. . .
4
Environmental Issues Making Geographical Decisions Question Paper 2023
Please check the examination details below before entering your candidate information
Candidate surname Other names
Centre Number Candidate Number
Pearson Edexcel Level 1/Level 2 GCSE (9–1)
Friday 16 June 2023
Afternoon (Time: 1 hour 30 minutes)
Paper
reference 1GB0/03
Geography B ⬟ ⬟
PAPER 3: People and Environmental Issues
Making Geographical Decisions
You must have: Total Marks
Resource Booklet (enclosed)
Calculator
Instructions
•• Use black ink or ball-point pen.
Fill in the boxes at the top of this page with your name,
centre number and candidate number.
•• Answer all questions.
Answer the questions in the spaces provided
– there may be more space than you need.
Information
•• The total mark for this paper is 64.
The marks for each question are shown in brackets
– use this as a guide as to how much time to spend on each question.
• The marks available for spelling, punctuation and grammar are clearly indicated.
Advice
• Read each question carefully before you start to answer it.
• Try to answer every question.
• Check your answers if you have time at the end.
Turn over
P72571A
, SECTION A
People and the Biosphere
Answer ALL questions. Write your answers in the spaces provided.
Some questions must be answered with a cross in a box . If you change your mind about an
answer, put a line through the box and then mark your new answer with a cross .
1 Use Section A (pages 2, 3 and 4) in the Resource Booklet to answer this question.
(a) Study Figure 1.
(i) Name the ecosystem which covers the largest area of land in Figure 1.
(1)
. . . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. .. . . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . . .. . .. .. . . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. .. . . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . . . .. . .. . .. . ... . . .. . .. . .
(ii) Identify two statements which correctly describe the past distribution of
forest on the map in Figure 1.
(2)
A The forest was fairly evenly distributed
B Forests grew mainly in central areas of Iceland
C Forests grew mainly near the edges of the land
D More forest was in the south-east of Iceland
E More forest was in the south-west of Iceland
(b) Using your own knowledge, name one forest biome that is not present in Iceland.
(1)
. . . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. .. . . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . . .. . .. .. . . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. .. . . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . . . .. . .. . .. . ... . . .. . .. . .
2
, (c) Using evidence from Figures 1 and 2, suggest two ways in which Iceland’s
physical geography influences the distribution of its ecosystems.
(4)
DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA
DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA
1 . . . . . . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . . . . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . . . . .. . .. . .. . . .. . .. . .. .
. . . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. .. . . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . . . . .. .. . . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. .. . . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . . .. . .. . ... . . .. . .. . .. .
. . . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. .. . . .. . .. . . . . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . . . . .. .. . . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. .. . . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . . .. . .. . ... . . .. . .. . .. .
. . . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. .. . . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . . . . .. .. . . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. .. . . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . . .. . .. . ... . . .. . .. . .. .
2 . . . . . . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . . . . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . . .. . .. . .. .
. . . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. .. . . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . . . . .. .. . . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. .. . . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . . .. . .. . ... . . .. . .. . .. .
. . . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. .. . . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . . . . .. .. . . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. .. . . . . . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . . .. . .. . ... . . .. . .. . .. .
. . . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. .. . . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . . . . .. .. . . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. .. . . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . . .. . .. . ... . . .. . .. . .. .
(Total for Question 1 = 8 marks)
DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA
DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA
TOTAL FOR SECTION A = 8 MARKS
DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA
DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA
3
, SECTION B
Forests Under Threat
ue stions. Write your answers in the spaces provided.
Answer ALL q
Some questions must be answered with a cross in a box . If you change your mind about an
answer, put a line through the box and then mark your new answer with a cross .
2 Use Section B (page 5) in the Resource Booklet to answer this question.
(a) Study Figure 3.
(i) Which one of the following is the best definition of biodiversity?
(1)
A The percentage of forest which has been removed
B The different forests found in a country
C The rate of nutrient cycling in an ecosystem
D The number of plant and animal species
(ii) Using Figure 3 and your own knowledge, explain one human reason and one
physical reason why very little of Iceland’s forest remains.
(4)
Human reason
. ... .... . .... ... . ... .... . ... .... ... ..... . ...... . ... .... ... ..... . ... .... . .. .... . . .. .... . ... .... . . .... .. . ... .... . ... .... . .. .... . . . .... .. .... ... . ... .... . . .... .. ... ..... ... ..... ........ .. .... . . . .... .. ... ..... . ....... . . .... .. ... .... ... ..... . ... .... . ... .... ... . . . . .. . .. . ... . . .. . .. . .
. ... .... . .... ... . ... .... . ... .... ... ..... . ...... . ... .... ... ..... . ... .... . .. .... . . .. .... . ... .... . . .... .. . ... .... . ... .... . .. .... . . . .... .. .... ... . ... .... . . .... .. ... ..... ... ..... ........ .. .... . . . .... .. ... ..... . ....... . . .... .. ... .... ... ..... . ... .... . ... .... ... . . . . .. . .. . ... . . .. . .. . .
. ... .... . .... ... . ... .... . ... .... ... ..... . ...... . ... .... ... ..... . ... .... . .. .... . . .. .... . ... .... . . .... .. . ... .... . ... .... . .. .... . . . .... .. .... ... . ... .... . . .... .. ... ..... ... ..... ........ .. .... . . . .... .. ... ..... . ....... . . .... .. ... .... ... ..... . ... .... . ... .... ... . . . . .. . .. . ... . . .. . .. . .
. ... .... . .... ... . ... .... . ... .... ... ..... . ...... . ... .... ... ..... . ... .... . .. .... . . .. .... . ... .... . . .... .. . ... .... . ... .... . .. .... . . . .... .. .... ... . ... .... . . .... .. ... ..... ... ..... ........ .. .... . . . .... .. ... ..... . ....... . . .... .. ... .... ... ..... . ... .... . ... .... ... . . . . .. . .. . ... . . .. . .. . .
Physical reason
. ... .... . .... ... . ... .... . ... .... ... ..... . ...... . ... .... ... ..... . ... .... . .. .... . . .. .... . ... .... . . .... .. . ... .... . ... .... . .. .... . . . .... .. .... ... . ... .... . . .... .. ... ..... ... ..... ........ .. .... . . . .... .. ... ..... . ....... . . .... .. ... .... ... ..... . ... .... . ... .... ... . . . . .. . .. . ... . . .. . .. . .
. ... .... . .... ... . ... .... . ... .... ... ..... . ...... . ... .... ... ..... . ... .... . .. .... . . .. .... . ... .... . . .... .. . ... .... . ... .... . .. .... . . . .... .. .... ... . ... .... . . .... .. ... ..... ... ..... ........ .. .... . . . .... .. ... ..... . ....... . . .... .. ... .... ... ..... . ... .... . ... .... ... . . . . .. . .. . ... . . .. . .. . .
. ... .... . .... ... . ... .... . ... .... ... ..... . ...... . ... .... ... ..... . ... .... . .. .... . . .. .... . ... .... . . .... .. . ... .... . ... .... . .. .... . . . .... .. .... ... . ... .... . . .... .. ... ..... ... ..... ........ .. .... . . . .... .. ... ..... . ....... . . .... .. ... .... ... ..... . ... .... . ... .... ... . . . . .. . .. . ... . . .. . .. . .
. ... .... . .... ... . ... .... . ... .... ... ..... . ...... . ... .... ... ..... . ... .... . .. .... . . .. .... . ... .... . . .... .. . ... .... . ... .... . .. .... . . . .... .. .... ... . ... .... . . .... .. ... ..... ... ..... ........ .. .... . . . .... .. ... ..... . ....... . . .... .. ... .... ... ..... . ... .... . ... .... ... . . . . .. . .. . ... . . .. . .. . .
4
