SCI 225 FINAL EXAM STUDY GUIDE PATHOPHYSIOLOGY (SCI 225) EXAM 100+ QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS 2024 GRADED A+ LATEST GUIDE.

SCI 225 FINAL EXAM STUDY GUIDE PATHOPHYSIOLOGY (SCI 225) EXAM 100+ QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS 2024 GRADED A+ LATEST GUIDE. 2 / 24 1. Be familiar with the following terms: pathogenesis, sequel, etiology, idio- pathic, congenital, metabolic degenerative and traumatic: Pathogenesis: de- scribes how the cause of a disease leads to anatomical and physiological changesin the body that ultimately result in the disease.Sequel:The aftermath of a particulardisease. Etiology:The cause, set of causes, or manner of causation of a disease or condition. Idiopathic: If the cause of a disease is not known. Congenital: Exist at ordate from birth; can be acquired through heredity or acquired during development in the uterus. Metabolic degenerative: Function or structure of the affected tissues or organs progressively deteriorate over time, disruption of normal metabolism, the process of converting food to energy on a cellular level. Traumatic: Physical or chemical injury. 2. Know the two overlapping arms of adaptive immunity (cell-mediated immunity and humoral immunity): Humoral immunity is due to the action of antibodies,which are proteins produced by white blood cells called B lymphocytes (or B cells).Cell-mediated immunity provides a defense against viruses, abnormal cells, and other intracellular pathogens, and it is the arm of the immune system responsible for rejecting tissue grafts and organ transplants. T lympho- cytes (or T cells) are responsible for cell-mediated immunity. 3. Be familiar with the Four types of Hypersensitivity and on how they can bedistinguished one from another.: There are several different types of hypersen- sitivity: immediate (or Type I), cytotoxic (or Type II), immune-complex (or Type III), and delayed (or Type IV).Type I is the most common type of allergy.Type I is a localallergy, occurring rapidly where the allergen encountersthe body.TheType I reactionis triggered by IgE, the immunoglobulin that responds to the presence of allergens.Type II hypersensitivity is called cytotoxic because IgM or IgG causesthe destructionof cells. An example of cytotoxic hypersensitivity is the response to an incompatibleblood transfusion.Type III Hypersensitivity Type III hypersensitivity is called immune-complex hypersensitivity.Type IIIinvolves anti- gens combining with many antibodiesin the blood, forming a soluble mass of antigens and antibodies known as immunecomplexes. These immune complexes deposit in tissues and blood vessels where they trigger inflammation and tissue destruction. Type IV Hypersensitivity Type IV hypersensitivities are called delayed hypersensitivities because they take time to develop following exposure to an allergen. The delay occurs because the allergy isdue to the action of T cells, which require time to recognize the allergen, reproduceand differentiate, and bring about the allergy symptoms. Delayed hypersensitivity 3 / 24 includes the skin reaction to poison ivy or poison oak, contact dermatitis from wearing latex gloves. 4 / 24 4. Know how antifungal drugs destroy fungal diseases (cell membranes).: Tar-gets fungal walls and membranes but can affect human cells as well, leading to toxicside effects 5. Be familiar with the rubella virus.: Rubella (German measles or three-day measles) is caused by the rubella virus. The rubella virus is highly contagious and is spread by respiratory droplets, by airborne transmission, and can also be transmitted from pregnant women to their fetus. When rubella occurs in a pregnantwoman, it may cause congenital rubella syndrome, with potentially devastating consequences for the developing fetus. Many people with rubella have few or no signs or symptoms. Some rubella patients develop a rash that appears as either pink or light red spots, which may merge to form evenly colored patches. Other signs and symptoms of rubella, which are more common in teens and adults, may include headache; loss of appetite; mild conjunctivitis (inflammation of the lining ofthe eyelids and eyeballs); a stuffy or runny nose;swollen lymph nodes in other partsof the body; and pain and swelling in the joints (especially in young women). 6. Know about osteosarcoma: a malignant tumor of bone.These tumors are foundin muscle, bone, and cartilage. 7. Know about Tumor Markers and their relation to both cancer cells and normal healthy cells: Tumor markers are chemicals made by tumor cells that canbe detected in blood. Tumor markers are also produced by some normal cells in the body and levels may be significantly elevated in noncancerous conditions.Thislimits the potential for tumor marker tests to help in diagnosing cancer. Examples of tumor markers include prostate-specific antigen for prostate cancer and cancer antigen 125 for ovarian cancer. 8. Know about alleles and their relation to the following traits: haploid, ho- mozygous, heterozygous and diploid: . Alleles are alternative forms of a gene,and one of these alleles is located on each of the paired chromosomes. If two of the same allele is inherited, the person is homozygous for that trait. If the alleles are different then the person is heterozygous for that trait. Some alleles always produce their trait when inherited and are said to be dominant.The result ofinheriting the 5 / 24 dominant allele is usually the same whether a person is homozygousor heterozygous. Other alleles are recessive, and only. manifest themselves when the person is homozygous for the trait. Certain deviations from the basic principlesof inheritance have been described. Some alleles are co-dominant, so that when both are inherited, both traits are expressed. An example of co-dominant alleles is found in blood type AB. The allele for the A factor is inherited from one parent and the allele for the B factor from the other, but both alleles are expressed. At times, a dominant allele is not fully expressed, a condition known as reduced penetrance.Various factors modify the expression of genes, including other genes, 6 / 24 environmental conditions, and gender. Examples of reduced penetrance include Huntington's disease and Marfan syndrome, in which varying severity of diseaseoccurs when the genes are inherited. 9. Know about Cerebal Palsy and its relation to the following: sex-linked, heterozygous, homozygous and congenital.: Cerebral palsy (CP) is a congenitaldisorder characterized by impaired muscle movement, tone, and posture. CP is almost always present at birth and affects about 1 in 300 children.Cerebral palsy isusually apparent before 3 years of age.If the alleles are different then the person isheterozygous for that trait. 10. Be familiar with Angioplasty: Angioplasty is a procedure used to open a partlyoccluded artery involves inserting a balloontipped catheter into the femoral artery, then guiding it to the heart and into the narrowed coronary artery. The balloon is expanded to press against the vessel walls and open the lumen. A stent, which is a cylindrical wire mesh of stainless steel or other alloy, surrounds the balloon. Expansion of the balloon forces the mesh into the lining of the vessel, which physically holds the lumen open.Because the vessels commonly become occludedagain (restenosis) within months or a year,stents are coated with drugsthat preventrestenosis. 11. . Be familiar with the following: bypass, ablation, defibrillator and electro-cardioversion.: Coronary artery bypass surgery reroutes blood flow around the clogged arteries to improve blood flow and oxygen supply to the heart. Catheter ablation is a nonsurgical procedure in which a catheter is inserted into the diseasedarea of the heart. A machine directs energy through the catheter to small areas of the heart that cause the abnormal heart rhythm. The machine that delivers electrical shocks used to reestablish normal heart rhythm. Electrocardi