A-level Geography Edexcel - Tectonic Hazards EQ.3

A-level Geography Edexcel - Tectonic Hazards EQ.3 What does Parks' disaster response curve show? - ANS This plots the QoL changes overtime after a disaster occurs and divides the changes into sections: Relief Phase - The immediate response focusing on saving lives/property. Groups from outside the immediate area help with search, rescue and care operations and emergency supplies are sent in. Rehabilitation Phase - More complex, lasts several months, efforts are made to restore physical/community structures at least temporarily. Reconstruction, Mitigation, Preparedness - All permanent changes introduced to restore QoL and economic stability to the pre-disaster level. Advantages of the disaster response curve - ANS -It is useful in comparing different events e.g developed/developing countries. -It identifies aspects of responses that can be improved for emergency planners. disadvantages of the disaster response curve - ANS -The model is general whereas each event has specific elements that ma not match other locations. -It is unclear how you actually measure QoL Define Hazard Management - ANS A process whereby governments/organizations work together to protect people from natural hazards threatening communities. They are involved in emergency planning e.g identify hazard risks (mitigation) and developing preparedness plans. Describe the stages of the hazard management cycle - ANS Preparedness - A proactive method to help increase resilience to a disaster in the future. Takes place before a hazard event. Response - A reactive measure of how a country/community responds to events, emergency level usually. Takes place during a hazard event. Recovery - A reactive post-event measure as recovery and action plans are made e.g rebuilding. Takes place after a hazard event. Mitigation - Proactive strategies in place before an event to prevent hazard occurring e.g land-use zoning. Takes place before/after hazard event. Resilience - Build back better Describe the actions taken for each stage of the hazard management cycle - ANS Mitigation: Zoning and land-use planning, enforcing/developing stricter building codes. Preparedness: Develop plans, early warning systems, evacuation routes, stockpile supplies, raise public awareness. Response: Search /rescue efforts, evacuations, restore critical infrastructure, ensure critical services continue. Recovery: Provide essential health/safety services, restore structures, provide food/shelter/finance. Define Hazard Adaptation - ANS Accepting that hazard events occur but adjusting the way people live their lives to reduce the impact of hazards. How does land-use zoning and risk-mapping modify the event? - ANS -Base maps show where hazards are likely to occur. -Geographic information systems (GIS) are used to superimpose different layers digitally. -Risk maps are then used to enforce land-use zoning and planning laws. -In developed/developing countries e.g Italy there are lots of illegal buildings. How does hazard-resistant design modify the event? - ANS -Build infrastructure away from earthquake prone areas, authorities implement guidelines of the location of the new infrastructure/set limits on the height of buildings. Strength: New infrastructure withstands strong tremors e.g cross-bracing. shear walls, shock absorbers. Limitation: It is difficult to control in developing countries. How do engineering structures modify tsunamis? - ANS The impact can be reduced artificially or naturally: -Tsunami walls (the bigger the wall the more the cost)