Inhoudsopgave
Week 1: Onveiligheid als maatschappelijk probleem......................................................................................6
(On)veiligheid........................................................................................................................................................6
Definitie............................................................................................................................................................6
Typen (on)veiligheid.........................................................................................................................................6
(On)veiligheid als maatschappelijk probleem......................................................................................................7
‘De echte objectieve veiligheid’ (CBS) – het mysterie van de verdwenen criminaliteit...................................8
Waarom steeg de criminaliteit? (6)..................................................................................................................8
Waarom daalde de criminaliteit? (3)................................................................................................................9
Subjectieve veiligheid: daling onveiligheidsgevoelens sinds 2005...................................................................9
Subjectieve onveiligheid: drie vormen (wat is subjectieve veiligheid)...........................................................10
Hebben we een high crime society?..............................................................................................................10
Discrepantie objectieve en subjectieve veiligheid.........................................................................................10
Onveiligheid of onbehagen?...........................................................................................................................10
Wat wil de burger van overheid en politie?...................................................................................................11
Vertrouwen in instituties................................................................................................................................11
Aanpak onveiligheid...........................................................................................................................................11
Hoe wordt beleid gemaakt? (Beleidscyclus)..................................................................................................12
Evaluatie.........................................................................................................................................................12
Week 2: Onveiligheidsgevoelens en ontwikkelingen in veiligheidszorg..........................................................13
Onveiligheidsgevoelens......................................................................................................................................13
De belangrijkste maatschappelijke problemen volgens burgers....................................................................13
Onveiligheidsbeleving dimensies en onderscheid..........................................................................................13
Onderscheid onveiligheidsgevoelens en angst voor slachtofferschap (determinanten)...............................13
Wat drijft onveiligheidsgevoelens in de buurt? (determinanten)..................................................................14
Angstmanagement (Van de Bunt & Van Swaaningen)...................................................................................15
Veiligheidsutopie (Boutellier).........................................................................................................................16
Waar komen die angstgevoelens vandaan?...................................................................................................16
Agendavorming..................................................................................................................................................17
Hoe komt iets op de politieke agenda zodat het daarna ook beleid/wetgeving wordt?...............................17
Wiens agenda?...............................................................................................................................................17
Invloed van media?.........................................................................................................................................18
Oorzaken bias in de media.........................................................................................................................18
Veranderingen in de veiligheidszorg (Handboek & Garland).............................................................................19
6 belangrijke ontwikkelingen in veiligheidszorg.............................................................................................19
Veranderingen in veiligheidsdenken..............................................................................................................19
Week 3: Nieuwe partijen in de veiligheidszorg..............................................................................................20
Integraal veiligheidsbeleid..................................................................................................................................20
Achtergrond....................................................................................................................................................20
Belang van integraliteit in aanpak..................................................................................................................21
Lastige beoordeling/succes meten.................................................................................................................21
Integraal veiligheidsbeleid op lokaal niveau...................................................................................................21
Problemen in integraal veiligheidsbeleid.......................................................................................................22
Lokale veiligheidsnetwerken...............................................................................................................................22
Kenmerken:.....................................................................................................................................................22
Vier typen lokale veiligheidsnetwerken.........................................................................................................22
Lokale veiligheidsnetwerken voordelen.........................................................................................................23
Lokale veiligheidsnetwerken nadelen............................................................................................................23
Samenwerking in netwerken afhankelijk van:................................................................................................24
1
, Fundamentele vragen.....................................................................................................................................24
Bestuurlijke aanpak georganiseerde criminaliteit (ondermijning).....................................................................25
Elementen bestuurlijke aanpak......................................................................................................................25
Middel: Wet BIBOB.........................................................................................................................................25
Veranderende positie gemeente in veiligheidszorg.......................................................................................26
Implementatie van veiligheidsbeleid..................................................................................................................26
Waar begint uitvoering?.................................................................................................................................26
Beleidsuitvoering (onderscheid).....................................................................................................................27
Wat bestudeer je bij beleidsuitvoering?........................................................................................................27
Afhankelijke variabelen..............................................................................................................................27
Onafhankelijke variabelen..........................................................................................................................27
Factoren die beleidsoutput beïnvloeden (Stinckens et al).........................................................................28
Is de implementatie (daadwerkelijke uitvoering) succesvol?.........................................................................29
Week 4: Burgers als partij in de veiligheidszorg.............................................................................................30
Algemeen............................................................................................................................................................30
Achtergronden................................................................................................................................................30
Responsabilisering van burgers: ingegeven door een aantal overwegingen.................................................30
Vormen van burgerparticipatie..........................................................................................................................31
2 verschillende typen......................................................................................................................................31
Zelfredzaamheid.............................................................................................................................................31
Beperkingen en conclusies.........................................................................................................................32
Burgeringrijpen...............................................................................................................................................32
Spanning tussen 2 normen........................................................................................................................32
Bystander model Latané and Darley..........................................................................................................33
Toch wel burgeringrijpen: waarom?..........................................................................................................33
Verwachtingen politie................................................................................................................................33
Buurtwachten/WhatsApp-groepen (mengvorm)...........................................................................................33
Doelen:.......................................................................................................................................................33
Succes? Effectief in het tegengaan van criminaliteit?................................................................................34
Hoe ‘werkt’ de buurtwacht (onderzoek); 4 mechanismen........................................................................34
Burgerzoekacties naar vermiste personen.....................................................................................................35
Week 5: Publieke en private veiligheidszorg................................................................................................. 37
Geschiedenis en ontwikkelingen.........................................................................................................................37
Sinds midden jaren ’80 (plural policing).........................................................................................................37
Achtergronden groei private sector...............................................................................................................38
Veranderingen in relatie publiek-privaat (fasen)............................................................................................38
Gevolgen.........................................................................................................................................................39
Twee voorbeelden van private veiligheidszorg...................................................................................................39
Particuliere opsporing....................................................................................................................................39
Werkzaamheden........................................................................................................................................40
Onderzoek: wat komt er precies bij kijken, hoe gaat dat, wat speelt er?..................................................41
Stille revoluties...........................................................................................................................................41
Toezichthouders in de (semi)publieke ruimte................................................................................................42
Typen publiek en privaat toezicht in (semi)publieke ruimte......................................................................42
Ad. 3 Knelpunten bij inzet private BOA’s....................................................................................................42
Regulering...........................................................................................................................................................43
Uitkomsten onderzoeken...............................................................................................................................43
Wat te doen aan regulering?..........................................................................................................................44
Week 6: Verharding...................................................................................................................................... 45
Verharding..........................................................................................................................................................45
2
, Begrip..............................................................................................................................................................45
3 elementen die we verstaan onder verharding............................................................................................45
(1) Veranderingen in het politiek klimaat..................................................................................................45
(2) Veranderingen in opvattingen van burgers...........................................................................................45
(3) Feitelijke veranderingen in aanpak en maatregelen............................................................................46
Verharding en verhouding tot andere ontwikkelingen..................................................................................47
Achtergronden verharding.............................................................................................................................48
Argumenten voor verharding.........................................................................................................................49
Vergelijking met de VS....................................................................................................................................50
Gevolgen....................................................................................................................................................50
Week 7: Mediatisering................................................................................................................................. 51
Mediatisering......................................................................................................................................................51
Mediatisering van opsporing en vervolging...................................................................................................51
Gevolgen mediatisering..................................................................................................................................51
Framing...........................................................................................................................................................51
Ad. 1 De Keulse casus.................................................................................................................................52
Ad. 2 De Goudse casus...............................................................................................................................52
Ad. 3 Zaak Vaatstra (framing high profile cases) (Jong en M’charek)........................................................53
Mediatisering: 4 typen veranderingen in relatie politie/justitie en media (Terpstra)....................................53
Je zou kunnen zeggen dat het een gemediatiseerde arena is geworden..................................................54
Gevolgen....................................................................................................................................................54
Sociale media: verschil met traditionele media (4)........................................................................................54
Opsporingsberichtgeving (Vanderveen en Samadi).......................................................................................54
Gevolgen....................................................................................................................................................55
Week 8: Veranderingen bij de politie............................................................................................................ 56
Wat is politiewerk?.............................................................................................................................................56
Politiewerk (‘public policing’).........................................................................................................................56
Taak van de politie (Politiewet 2012).............................................................................................................56
Aansturing politie (wie is de baas?)................................................................................................................56
Twee kernbegrippen uit Politiewet 2012.......................................................................................................57
Waarom is het zo ingewikkeld?..................................................................................................................57
Vier hoofdprocessen.......................................................................................................................................57
Veranderingen in Nederlandse politiebestel.......................................................................................................58
Voordelen centralisatie...................................................................................................................................59
Nadelen in de praktijk.....................................................................................................................................59
Naast centralisatie ook andere ontwikkelingen rond politie (4)....................................................................59
Standaardmodel en alternatieven......................................................................................................................59
Standaardmodel van politiewerk (… - begin jaren ’90)..................................................................................59
Politiewerk: waarop te beoordelen? (Standaardmodel)................................................................................60
Onderzoek naar effectiviteit van standaardmodel van politiewerk...............................................................60
Alternatieven voor standaardmodel politiewerk (Weisburd en Eck).............................................................60
Ad. 1 Community (oriented) policing (C.O.P).............................................................................................60
Ad. 2 Problem oriented policing (ILP)........................................................................................................61
Ad. 3 Focussed policing..............................................................................................................................61
Evaluatieonderzoek (zie ook week 1)..................................................................................................................62
4 basisvragen evaluatieonderzoek.................................................................................................................62
Model.........................................................................................................................................................62
Interne validiteit.........................................................................................................................................62
Alternatieve verklaringen voor het verband tussen X en Y........................................................................62
Onderzoeksdesign: de experimentele opzet..............................................................................................63
Voorbeelden van andere designs...............................................................................................................63
Recente ontwikkelingen.................................................................................................................................63
3
, Andere beweging.......................................................................................................................................64
Week 9: Technologische ontwikkelingen....................................................................................................... 66
Technologische vernieuwing bij politie en veiligheidszorg.................................................................................66
Historische achtergronden.............................................................................................................................66
Doelen technologische ontwikkelingen.....................................................................................................66
Ontstaan van surveillance society..................................................................................................................66
Typen technologie en computerisering..........................................................................................................67
Typen technologie bij politie......................................................................................................................67
Kernonderdelen computerisering in veiligheidszorg en bij politie............................................................67
Gebruik van technologie in interventiestrategieën...................................................................................67
Gevolgen van technologie in veiligheidszorg en politie voor controle......................................................67
Big data policing.................................................................................................................................................67
Vragen big data policing.................................................................................................................................68
Waarom big data policing en populair?.........................................................................................................68
Drie perspectieven gevolgen technologie politiewerk (McGuire)..................................................................68
Gevolgen voor politiewerk (Fest et al.) (rol dataprofessionals).....................................................................68
Het werk van data professionals (NL’se politie) (Schuilenberg & Soudijn)................................................69
Sensitiviteit voor publieke waarden...........................................................................................................69
Implementeren van publieke waarden......................................................................................................69
Predictive policing: CAS..................................................................................................................................70
Week 10: Grenzen aan veiligheidszorg.......................................................................................................... 71
Risicodenken in de veiligheidszorg......................................................................................................................71
Strafrecht vs. Risicodenken, waarden en oriëntaties.....................................................................................71
Risicomanagement.........................................................................................................................................71
Doorslaan van risicodenken? (Risicoregelreflex)............................................................................................72
Risicoregelreflex: onderliggende argumenten...........................................................................................72
Argumenten voor de risicoregelreflex:......................................................................................................72
Risicoregelreflex: tegenargumenten..........................................................................................................72
Uitdijende controle-industrie (Van Waarden)................................................................................................73
Meer en grotere risico’s door.....................................................................................................................73
Gevolgen....................................................................................................................................................73
Veiligheidszorg als publiek goed?.......................................................................................................................73
Publiek goed: drie kenmerken........................................................................................................................74
Veiligheidszorg als publiek goed?...................................................................................................................74
Veiligheidszorg als publiek goed: 5 elementen (vraagtekens)........................................................................74
Paradoxen in veiligheidszorg (Zedner)............................................................................................................74
Woordenlijst................................................................................................................................................ 76
4
Week 1: Onveiligheid als maatschappelijk probleem......................................................................................6
(On)veiligheid........................................................................................................................................................6
Definitie............................................................................................................................................................6
Typen (on)veiligheid.........................................................................................................................................6
(On)veiligheid als maatschappelijk probleem......................................................................................................7
‘De echte objectieve veiligheid’ (CBS) – het mysterie van de verdwenen criminaliteit...................................8
Waarom steeg de criminaliteit? (6)..................................................................................................................8
Waarom daalde de criminaliteit? (3)................................................................................................................9
Subjectieve veiligheid: daling onveiligheidsgevoelens sinds 2005...................................................................9
Subjectieve onveiligheid: drie vormen (wat is subjectieve veiligheid)...........................................................10
Hebben we een high crime society?..............................................................................................................10
Discrepantie objectieve en subjectieve veiligheid.........................................................................................10
Onveiligheid of onbehagen?...........................................................................................................................10
Wat wil de burger van overheid en politie?...................................................................................................11
Vertrouwen in instituties................................................................................................................................11
Aanpak onveiligheid...........................................................................................................................................11
Hoe wordt beleid gemaakt? (Beleidscyclus)..................................................................................................12
Evaluatie.........................................................................................................................................................12
Week 2: Onveiligheidsgevoelens en ontwikkelingen in veiligheidszorg..........................................................13
Onveiligheidsgevoelens......................................................................................................................................13
De belangrijkste maatschappelijke problemen volgens burgers....................................................................13
Onveiligheidsbeleving dimensies en onderscheid..........................................................................................13
Onderscheid onveiligheidsgevoelens en angst voor slachtofferschap (determinanten)...............................13
Wat drijft onveiligheidsgevoelens in de buurt? (determinanten)..................................................................14
Angstmanagement (Van de Bunt & Van Swaaningen)...................................................................................15
Veiligheidsutopie (Boutellier).........................................................................................................................16
Waar komen die angstgevoelens vandaan?...................................................................................................16
Agendavorming..................................................................................................................................................17
Hoe komt iets op de politieke agenda zodat het daarna ook beleid/wetgeving wordt?...............................17
Wiens agenda?...............................................................................................................................................17
Invloed van media?.........................................................................................................................................18
Oorzaken bias in de media.........................................................................................................................18
Veranderingen in de veiligheidszorg (Handboek & Garland).............................................................................19
6 belangrijke ontwikkelingen in veiligheidszorg.............................................................................................19
Veranderingen in veiligheidsdenken..............................................................................................................19
Week 3: Nieuwe partijen in de veiligheidszorg..............................................................................................20
Integraal veiligheidsbeleid..................................................................................................................................20
Achtergrond....................................................................................................................................................20
Belang van integraliteit in aanpak..................................................................................................................21
Lastige beoordeling/succes meten.................................................................................................................21
Integraal veiligheidsbeleid op lokaal niveau...................................................................................................21
Problemen in integraal veiligheidsbeleid.......................................................................................................22
Lokale veiligheidsnetwerken...............................................................................................................................22
Kenmerken:.....................................................................................................................................................22
Vier typen lokale veiligheidsnetwerken.........................................................................................................22
Lokale veiligheidsnetwerken voordelen.........................................................................................................23
Lokale veiligheidsnetwerken nadelen............................................................................................................23
Samenwerking in netwerken afhankelijk van:................................................................................................24
1
, Fundamentele vragen.....................................................................................................................................24
Bestuurlijke aanpak georganiseerde criminaliteit (ondermijning).....................................................................25
Elementen bestuurlijke aanpak......................................................................................................................25
Middel: Wet BIBOB.........................................................................................................................................25
Veranderende positie gemeente in veiligheidszorg.......................................................................................26
Implementatie van veiligheidsbeleid..................................................................................................................26
Waar begint uitvoering?.................................................................................................................................26
Beleidsuitvoering (onderscheid).....................................................................................................................27
Wat bestudeer je bij beleidsuitvoering?........................................................................................................27
Afhankelijke variabelen..............................................................................................................................27
Onafhankelijke variabelen..........................................................................................................................27
Factoren die beleidsoutput beïnvloeden (Stinckens et al).........................................................................28
Is de implementatie (daadwerkelijke uitvoering) succesvol?.........................................................................29
Week 4: Burgers als partij in de veiligheidszorg.............................................................................................30
Algemeen............................................................................................................................................................30
Achtergronden................................................................................................................................................30
Responsabilisering van burgers: ingegeven door een aantal overwegingen.................................................30
Vormen van burgerparticipatie..........................................................................................................................31
2 verschillende typen......................................................................................................................................31
Zelfredzaamheid.............................................................................................................................................31
Beperkingen en conclusies.........................................................................................................................32
Burgeringrijpen...............................................................................................................................................32
Spanning tussen 2 normen........................................................................................................................32
Bystander model Latané and Darley..........................................................................................................33
Toch wel burgeringrijpen: waarom?..........................................................................................................33
Verwachtingen politie................................................................................................................................33
Buurtwachten/WhatsApp-groepen (mengvorm)...........................................................................................33
Doelen:.......................................................................................................................................................33
Succes? Effectief in het tegengaan van criminaliteit?................................................................................34
Hoe ‘werkt’ de buurtwacht (onderzoek); 4 mechanismen........................................................................34
Burgerzoekacties naar vermiste personen.....................................................................................................35
Week 5: Publieke en private veiligheidszorg................................................................................................. 37
Geschiedenis en ontwikkelingen.........................................................................................................................37
Sinds midden jaren ’80 (plural policing).........................................................................................................37
Achtergronden groei private sector...............................................................................................................38
Veranderingen in relatie publiek-privaat (fasen)............................................................................................38
Gevolgen.........................................................................................................................................................39
Twee voorbeelden van private veiligheidszorg...................................................................................................39
Particuliere opsporing....................................................................................................................................39
Werkzaamheden........................................................................................................................................40
Onderzoek: wat komt er precies bij kijken, hoe gaat dat, wat speelt er?..................................................41
Stille revoluties...........................................................................................................................................41
Toezichthouders in de (semi)publieke ruimte................................................................................................42
Typen publiek en privaat toezicht in (semi)publieke ruimte......................................................................42
Ad. 3 Knelpunten bij inzet private BOA’s....................................................................................................42
Regulering...........................................................................................................................................................43
Uitkomsten onderzoeken...............................................................................................................................43
Wat te doen aan regulering?..........................................................................................................................44
Week 6: Verharding...................................................................................................................................... 45
Verharding..........................................................................................................................................................45
2
, Begrip..............................................................................................................................................................45
3 elementen die we verstaan onder verharding............................................................................................45
(1) Veranderingen in het politiek klimaat..................................................................................................45
(2) Veranderingen in opvattingen van burgers...........................................................................................45
(3) Feitelijke veranderingen in aanpak en maatregelen............................................................................46
Verharding en verhouding tot andere ontwikkelingen..................................................................................47
Achtergronden verharding.............................................................................................................................48
Argumenten voor verharding.........................................................................................................................49
Vergelijking met de VS....................................................................................................................................50
Gevolgen....................................................................................................................................................50
Week 7: Mediatisering................................................................................................................................. 51
Mediatisering......................................................................................................................................................51
Mediatisering van opsporing en vervolging...................................................................................................51
Gevolgen mediatisering..................................................................................................................................51
Framing...........................................................................................................................................................51
Ad. 1 De Keulse casus.................................................................................................................................52
Ad. 2 De Goudse casus...............................................................................................................................52
Ad. 3 Zaak Vaatstra (framing high profile cases) (Jong en M’charek)........................................................53
Mediatisering: 4 typen veranderingen in relatie politie/justitie en media (Terpstra)....................................53
Je zou kunnen zeggen dat het een gemediatiseerde arena is geworden..................................................54
Gevolgen....................................................................................................................................................54
Sociale media: verschil met traditionele media (4)........................................................................................54
Opsporingsberichtgeving (Vanderveen en Samadi).......................................................................................54
Gevolgen....................................................................................................................................................55
Week 8: Veranderingen bij de politie............................................................................................................ 56
Wat is politiewerk?.............................................................................................................................................56
Politiewerk (‘public policing’).........................................................................................................................56
Taak van de politie (Politiewet 2012).............................................................................................................56
Aansturing politie (wie is de baas?)................................................................................................................56
Twee kernbegrippen uit Politiewet 2012.......................................................................................................57
Waarom is het zo ingewikkeld?..................................................................................................................57
Vier hoofdprocessen.......................................................................................................................................57
Veranderingen in Nederlandse politiebestel.......................................................................................................58
Voordelen centralisatie...................................................................................................................................59
Nadelen in de praktijk.....................................................................................................................................59
Naast centralisatie ook andere ontwikkelingen rond politie (4)....................................................................59
Standaardmodel en alternatieven......................................................................................................................59
Standaardmodel van politiewerk (… - begin jaren ’90)..................................................................................59
Politiewerk: waarop te beoordelen? (Standaardmodel)................................................................................60
Onderzoek naar effectiviteit van standaardmodel van politiewerk...............................................................60
Alternatieven voor standaardmodel politiewerk (Weisburd en Eck).............................................................60
Ad. 1 Community (oriented) policing (C.O.P).............................................................................................60
Ad. 2 Problem oriented policing (ILP)........................................................................................................61
Ad. 3 Focussed policing..............................................................................................................................61
Evaluatieonderzoek (zie ook week 1)..................................................................................................................62
4 basisvragen evaluatieonderzoek.................................................................................................................62
Model.........................................................................................................................................................62
Interne validiteit.........................................................................................................................................62
Alternatieve verklaringen voor het verband tussen X en Y........................................................................62
Onderzoeksdesign: de experimentele opzet..............................................................................................63
Voorbeelden van andere designs...............................................................................................................63
Recente ontwikkelingen.................................................................................................................................63
3
, Andere beweging.......................................................................................................................................64
Week 9: Technologische ontwikkelingen....................................................................................................... 66
Technologische vernieuwing bij politie en veiligheidszorg.................................................................................66
Historische achtergronden.............................................................................................................................66
Doelen technologische ontwikkelingen.....................................................................................................66
Ontstaan van surveillance society..................................................................................................................66
Typen technologie en computerisering..........................................................................................................67
Typen technologie bij politie......................................................................................................................67
Kernonderdelen computerisering in veiligheidszorg en bij politie............................................................67
Gebruik van technologie in interventiestrategieën...................................................................................67
Gevolgen van technologie in veiligheidszorg en politie voor controle......................................................67
Big data policing.................................................................................................................................................67
Vragen big data policing.................................................................................................................................68
Waarom big data policing en populair?.........................................................................................................68
Drie perspectieven gevolgen technologie politiewerk (McGuire)..................................................................68
Gevolgen voor politiewerk (Fest et al.) (rol dataprofessionals).....................................................................68
Het werk van data professionals (NL’se politie) (Schuilenberg & Soudijn)................................................69
Sensitiviteit voor publieke waarden...........................................................................................................69
Implementeren van publieke waarden......................................................................................................69
Predictive policing: CAS..................................................................................................................................70
Week 10: Grenzen aan veiligheidszorg.......................................................................................................... 71
Risicodenken in de veiligheidszorg......................................................................................................................71
Strafrecht vs. Risicodenken, waarden en oriëntaties.....................................................................................71
Risicomanagement.........................................................................................................................................71
Doorslaan van risicodenken? (Risicoregelreflex)............................................................................................72
Risicoregelreflex: onderliggende argumenten...........................................................................................72
Argumenten voor de risicoregelreflex:......................................................................................................72
Risicoregelreflex: tegenargumenten..........................................................................................................72
Uitdijende controle-industrie (Van Waarden)................................................................................................73
Meer en grotere risico’s door.....................................................................................................................73
Gevolgen....................................................................................................................................................73
Veiligheidszorg als publiek goed?.......................................................................................................................73
Publiek goed: drie kenmerken........................................................................................................................74
Veiligheidszorg als publiek goed?...................................................................................................................74
Veiligheidszorg als publiek goed: 5 elementen (vraagtekens)........................................................................74
Paradoxen in veiligheidszorg (Zedner)............................................................................................................74
Woordenlijst................................................................................................................................................ 76
4
