Anatomy and Physiology OpenStax- 104 questions and answers

anatomy study of body structure gross anatomy study of structures easily seen by naked eye regional anatomy how structures work together in specific region of body systemic anatomy how structures work together in specific body system physiology chemistry/ physics of the body; how the structures of the body work together homeostasis maintenance of body's internal balance How was anatomy studied in the past? Evaluating injuries and cadavers. What is the difference between anatomy and physiology? Anatomy is the study of the body's structures and physiology is the study of how those structures work together. What is the relationship between anatomy and physiology? Both areas of study need the other to be fully understood; they depend on one another What is form and function? How are they related? Form is the composition of a body structure. Function is how that structure operates. They are related because composition determines how a structure will function. What are the six levels of organization in the body? Chemical Cellular Tissue Organ Organ System Organism cell smallest unit of living things tissue similar cells that work together organelle tiny structure that carries out functions in a cell; mini organs for the cell organ structure that has 2+ tissue types organ system 2+ organs that work together to maintain bodily functions organism being that can live independently and has cell structure What does the integumentary system do? covers internal body structures senses input from environment What does the skeletal system do? supports the body helps us move What does the muscular system do? helps maintain body temperature helps us move What does the nervous system do? controls body's responses processes and detects sensory information What does the endocrine system do? secretes hormones regulates body's processes What does the cardiovascular system do? distributes nutrients and oxygen to cells throughout body maintains body temperature What does the lymphatic system do? returns fluid back to blood defends against pathogens What does the respiratory system do? gets rid of CO2 gives oxygen to blood What does the digestive system do? turns food into usable energy for cells gets rid of waste (parts of food that body cannot use) What does the reproductive system do? produces sex hormones and cells (f) supports the embryo/ fetus until birth (f) provides milk to infant(s) What makes up the integumentary system? skin, hair, nails What makes up the skeletal system? bones, joints, cartilage What makes up the muscular system? skeletal muscles and tendons What makes up the nervous system? brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves What makes up the endocrine system? pituitary gland, thyroid, pancreas, adrenal glands, testes, ovaries What makes up the cardiovascular system? heart and blood vessels What makes up the lymphatic system? thymus, lymph nodes, spleen, lymphatic vessels What makes up the respiratory system? nasal passages, trachea, lungs What makes up the digestive system? stomach, liver, gallbladder, large intestine, small intestine What makes up the reproductive system? epididymis, testes, mammary glands, ovaries, uterus What is metabolism? the sum of all chemical reactions in a body What is anabolism? the building up of molecules What is catabolism? the breaking down of molecules What is ATP? compound used to store and release energy What is responsiveness? the ability to react to internal and external changes What is differentiation? unspecialized cells that become specialized What is development? the changes a body goes through over time What is growth? increase in size What is reproduction? the production of offspring What is the importance of organization in the body? It keeps organ systems separate from threats Keeps cells moist (cell membrane) What is a nutrient? substance in food needed for survival What is pressure? force exerted by one substance in the presence of another substance Why is oxygen important? it makes cells capable of producing ATP What are the classes of nutrients? carbs, lipids, proteins, vitamins, minerals, water What are the energy yielding nutrients? fats and carbs What are the body building nutrients? proteins (amino acids) What are micronutrients? vitamins and minerals What are the macronutrients? carbohydrates, lipids, proteins What happens if the body gets too hot/ too cold? Proteins (enzymes) can change structure and functionality What does atmospheric pressure do for the human body? dissolves blood gasses allows us to breathe What is controlled hypothermia? Why is it used? It is the cooling of the body/ organ to decrease metabolic rate. It is used to prevent damage to bodily structures. What is decompression sickness? blood gasses cannot dissolve due to quick drop in pressure What is the purpose of homeostasis? to regulate the body's internal conditions to remain alive What is homeostasis? regulation of internal conditions What is a set point? a fixed value that the body compares changes to; value that normal range fluctuates around What is a normal range? range of values that is optimal for stability What is negative feedback? system that brings the range back to the set point What is positive feedback? a process that intensifies change in the body What is a sensor? a receptor What is a control center? compares values to the normal range What is an effector? causes changes to revert back to the normal range How does the homeostasis cycle begin? A stimulus exceeds the threshold for normal range What is the heat loss? How does this work? Type of regulation where heat is lost to cool the body. Blood vessels dilate to bring blood to skin surface; results in heat loss. Sweating also takes place and deeper breaths are taken. What is heat gain? How does this work? Type of regulation where heat is gained. Blood vessels constrict and blood is channeled to deep veins that are closer to the body. Shivering of the skeletal muscles also occur when too much heat is lost. What are the components of feedback loops? Stimulus, sensor, control, effector