OpenStax Anatomy and Physiology 2E, Unit 1 test questions with verified solutions

Anabolism simpler molecules combined into larger molecules. requires energy Catabolism larger molecules are broken down into smaller molecules. releases energy Negative Feedback Mechanism that reverses a deviation from set point. Maintains body parameters within their normal range. 3 basic components: -Sensor: receptor monitors value which is reported to... -Control center: compares the value to the normal range. If value is far from set point, activates... -Effector: component that causes change to reverse situation and return to normal range. Positive Feedback Intensifies change in body's physiological condition rather than reversing it. Childbirth: -Sensors: sensitive nerve cells that monitor degree of stretching. Send messages to brain -Effectors: Messages reach brain and causes pituitary gland at base of brain to release oxytocin, causing stronger contractions. Anterior -Ventral -Facing forward or towards front of body Posterior -Dorsal -Facing backward or towards back of body Superior -Above or higher than another part of the body Inferor -Below or lower than another part of the body Medial Towards the middle of the body Proximal Part of limb that is closer to point of attachment (ex. top part of arm) Distal Part of limb that is farther from point of attachment (ex. bottom part of arm) Superficial position closer to surface of body Deep Position farther from surface of body Sagittal Plane vertical plane that divides body/organ into left/right sides Parasagittal Plane Same thing as vertical plane but divides body/part unevenly. Frontal Plane Plane that divides body into anterior and posterior Transverse Plane Plane that divides body into superior and inferior Dorsal (posterior) cavity 1 of 2 of body's largest compartments. Contain and protect delicate internal organs. Ventral (anterior) cavity 1 of 2 of body's largest compartments. Contain and protect delicate internal organs. Allows for significant change in size and shape of organs as they perform functions. Cranial Cavity houses the brain Spinal Cavity encloses spinal cord. Thoracic Cavity Superior subdivision of ventral cavity, enclosed by rib cage. Contains the heart and lungs and diaphragm forms the floor and separates from abdomenopelvic cavity. 9 Abdominal regions Row 1: right hypochondriac region, epigastric region, left hypochondriac region, Row 2: right lumbar region, umbilical region, left lumbar region, Row 3: right iliac region, hypogastric region, left iliac region 4 abdominal quadrants -Right upper quadrant (RUQ) -Left upper quadrant (LUQ) -Right lower quadrant (RLQ) -Left lower quadrant (LLQ) Pleura serous membrane that encloses pleural cavity and surrounds lungs Pericardium serous membrane that encloses pericardial cavity, surrounds heart Peritoneum serous membrane that encloses peritoneal cavity; surrounds several organs in abdominopelvic cavity. X-rays Discovered by German Physicist Wilhelm Rontgen. (1895) -Form of high energy electromagnetic radiation w/ a short wavelength capable of penetrating solids & ionizing gases. X-rays are emitted from an x-ray machine towards a specially treated magnetic plate. Beam of radiation results in darkening of plate. Tissues are shown as gray & bones are shown as white. -Disadvantage: High energy radiation is capable of damaging cells & can initiate changes leading