NBCE (GENERAL ANATOMY) – 200 QUESTIONS WITH VERIFIED SOLUTIONS

What embryologic germ layer is the gut and respiratory tract derived from? The endoderm What embryologic germ layer gives rise to tubular structures (stuff that is inside)? The endoderm Mesoderm gives rise to how many subgroups? 4 subgroups What are the 4 subgroups of mesoderm? 1. Paraxial mesoderm 2. Intermediate mesoderm 3. Head mesoderm 4. Lateral Plate mesoderm What embryologic germ layer gives rise to somites? Paraxial mesoderm What embryologic germ layer gives rise to the skull, muscles, connective tissue of the head, and dentin? Head mesoderm What embryologic germ layer gives rise to the urogenital system and kidneys? Intermediate mesoderm What embryologic germ layer gives rise to the adrenal cortex, blood and lymph cells, CT, cardiovascular and lymphatics, spleen, and serous membranes of pleura and pericardium? Lateral Plate mesoderm (gives rise to everything that is not tubular structures or nerves) How many sub groups does the ectoderm give rise to? 2 subgroups What are the 2 subgroups of ectoderm? 1. Surface ectoderm 2. Neuroectoderm What does the ectoderm derive? Nerves and skin What embryologic germ layer specifically gives rise to the epidermis, anterior pituitary, lens of the eye, enamel, hair, and nails? Surface ectoderm What does the neuroectoderm give rise to? 1. The neural tube 2. Neural crest Of the neuroectoderm, what derives the posterior pituitary, retina of the eye, CNS, and pineal body? The neural tube Of the neuroectoderm, what derives the Dorsal Root Ganglia (DRG), ANS, Parafollicular cells of the thyroid, and the adrenal medulla? The neural crest cells What is the order of embryological stages of development? Mesoderm --> Chondrification --> Ossification What is it called where mesoderm is being replaced by cartilage? Chondrification What is it called where cartilage is replaced by bone? Ossification What are the two types of ossification? 1. Primary ossification 2. Secondary ossification Which type of ossification occurs before birth? Primary ossification Which type of ossification occurs after birth? Secondary ossification What kind of ossification occurs when mesenchymal tissue turns into bone? Intramembranous/intramedullary ossification The clavicle and all flat bones of the skull develop how? Through intramembranous ossification What kind of ossification is performed in or by cartilage? Endochondral ossification (which is how all other bones form) What bone develops from both endochondral and intramembranous ossification? The scapula When looking at GI embryology, what is the mouth called? Stomadium When looking at GI embryology, what consists of the oral cavity to the 1st 1/3 of the duodenum? Foregut When looking at GI embryology, what consists of the remaining 2/3rds of the duodenum to the 1st 2/3 of the transverse colon? Midgut When looking at GI embryology, what consists of the last 1/3rd of the transverse colon to the anus? The hindgut The gubernaculum of males becomes what? The scrotal ligament, which is also known as the gubernaculum testis The gubernaculum of females becomes what structures? The suspensory ligament of the ovary, ovarian ligament, and round ligament. The foramen cecum gives rise to the what? The Thyroid During limb bud rotation, the arms rotate how? 90 degrees lateral During limb bud rotation, the legs rotate how? 90 degrees medial In looking at the planes of the body, what plane divides the body into anterior and posterior sections? Coronal/frontal plane In looking at the planes of the body, what plane divides the body into right and left sections? Sagittal/median plane In looking at the planes of the body, what plane divides the body into elbow flexion and extension? Parasagittal plane In looking at the planes of the body, what plane divides the body into superior and inferior sections? Transverse/horizontal What are the stages of mitosis? 1. Interphase 2. Prophase 3. Metaphase 4. Anaphase 5. Telophase What is the resting phase of mitosis? interphase What is the phase of mitosis where the nuclear membrane disappears? Prophase What is the phase of mitosis where the chromosomes align at the equator? Metaphase What is the phase of mitosis where the chromosomes move toward the poles? Anaphase What is the phase of mitosis where the separation of chromosomes happens? Telophase What type of epithelium has the thinnest cells, and is the easiest for diffusion? Simple Squamous epithelium What is the general purpose for simple squamous epithelium? Air and fluid diffusion Where is simple squamous epithelium found in the body? 1. Alveoli 2. Capillaries 3. Blood and lymph vessels What type of epithelium goes with the phrase, "If you are satisfied, then you are stratified"? Stratified Squamous epithelium What is the general purpose of stratified squamous epithelium? Areas of high friction Where is stratified squamous epithelium found throughout the body? 1. Keratenized skin 2. Non-keratenized (oral cavity) 3. Anal cavity 4. Vagina 5. Esophagus Which type of epithelium's general purpose is that of secretory cells? Simple cuboidal epithelium Where in the body are simple cuboidal epithelium found? 1. The kidney tubules 2. Glands and digestive tract 3. Choroid plexus What type of epithelium has a secretory purpose and makes up the sweat glands in the body? Stratified cuboidal epithelium Which type of epithelium allows for expansion? Transitional epithelium What is the general purpose of the transitional epithelium? Stretch-bladder