Midterm #2
● 1.2 & 1.7
● 2.1-2.4, except 2.5
● 3.1-3.4
Unit 1- Learning Objectives
Unit 1-2: Bacterial and Eukaryotic Cell Growth
Growth: replacement of worn-out, blood, skin cells in animals
Reproduction: (g bacteria-> asexual reproduction when parent cell divids and forms 2 daughter
cells)
Asexual reproduction: offspring receive genetic material from a single parent
Sexual reproduction: combination of genetic material from 2 parents - ½ from mom (egg), ½
from dad (sperm) -> gaamtes
❧ Describe what is meant by growth in a prokaryotic organism distinguishing between
growth and division of individual cells and growth of a population of cells.
Growth/division of individual prokaryotes:
Binary fission: a cell replicates its DNA, increases in size, divides into 2 daughter cells
-occurs in archaeons, chloroplasts and mitochondria
Generation time (g): growth it takes for one prokaryote to divide into 2
Steps of Binary fission:
,❧ Identify the four phases of population growth in a batch culture and in the associated growth curve
graph - lag phase, exponential (log) phase, stationary phase, and death phase.
,❧ Compare and Contrast a population of cells in lag phase, exponential phase, stationary
phase, and death phase in terms of division rate and cell survival.
Division rate Survival
Lag phase Growing but not readily dividing Does not display a net increase
in growth; cells are actively busy
-net growth is 0 and growing in preparation for
active cell division
Replication and synthesis occurs
Cells are NOT actively dividing
Exponential phase Undergoing binary fission at a Maximizing all the resources
constant rate; replication is at its they have (from the nutrient
maximum and cell number media)
increases exponentially
Replication and synthesis occurs
Cell is dividing by binary fission
Stationary phase Equal amount of cells actively Key nutrients deplete and
dividing as there are cells that bacteria compete with other
are dying cells to obtain nutrients
-net is zero Essential nutrients are limited
Replication and synthesis occurs
Cell is dividing by binary fission
Death phase More cells are dying than Many death of bacterial cells
actively dividing and growth of overall
population dramatically
=NOT GOING TO BE decreases
REPLICATING
Essential nutrients are limited
Cells are NOT actively dividing
Rate of cell death is higher than
rate of cell growth
, Unit 1-7: Proteins – Structure and self-assembly
Targeted:
▪ Describe and recognize the structural components of proteins, including the monomers,
the N- and C- terminal directionality, and the reason for this directionality.
Proteins consist of amino acids that are joined together by peptide (covalent) bonds between
the N-terminus to C-terminus (directionality) that is joined during protein synthesis.
Reason: This N-terminus to C-terminus directionality allows amino acids to form a chain by
joining specific functional groups (teapot analysis).
▪ Draw the generic structure of an amino acid and identify the key functional groups.
Functional Groups
i) Amino Group: NH2
ii) Carboxyl Group: COOH
iii) -H
iv) R group (side chain)
Carbon
● 1.2 & 1.7
● 2.1-2.4, except 2.5
● 3.1-3.4
Unit 1- Learning Objectives
Unit 1-2: Bacterial and Eukaryotic Cell Growth
Growth: replacement of worn-out, blood, skin cells in animals
Reproduction: (g bacteria-> asexual reproduction when parent cell divids and forms 2 daughter
cells)
Asexual reproduction: offspring receive genetic material from a single parent
Sexual reproduction: combination of genetic material from 2 parents - ½ from mom (egg), ½
from dad (sperm) -> gaamtes
❧ Describe what is meant by growth in a prokaryotic organism distinguishing between
growth and division of individual cells and growth of a population of cells.
Growth/division of individual prokaryotes:
Binary fission: a cell replicates its DNA, increases in size, divides into 2 daughter cells
-occurs in archaeons, chloroplasts and mitochondria
Generation time (g): growth it takes for one prokaryote to divide into 2
Steps of Binary fission:
,❧ Identify the four phases of population growth in a batch culture and in the associated growth curve
graph - lag phase, exponential (log) phase, stationary phase, and death phase.
,❧ Compare and Contrast a population of cells in lag phase, exponential phase, stationary
phase, and death phase in terms of division rate and cell survival.
Division rate Survival
Lag phase Growing but not readily dividing Does not display a net increase
in growth; cells are actively busy
-net growth is 0 and growing in preparation for
active cell division
Replication and synthesis occurs
Cells are NOT actively dividing
Exponential phase Undergoing binary fission at a Maximizing all the resources
constant rate; replication is at its they have (from the nutrient
maximum and cell number media)
increases exponentially
Replication and synthesis occurs
Cell is dividing by binary fission
Stationary phase Equal amount of cells actively Key nutrients deplete and
dividing as there are cells that bacteria compete with other
are dying cells to obtain nutrients
-net is zero Essential nutrients are limited
Replication and synthesis occurs
Cell is dividing by binary fission
Death phase More cells are dying than Many death of bacterial cells
actively dividing and growth of overall
population dramatically
=NOT GOING TO BE decreases
REPLICATING
Essential nutrients are limited
Cells are NOT actively dividing
Rate of cell death is higher than
rate of cell growth
, Unit 1-7: Proteins – Structure and self-assembly
Targeted:
▪ Describe and recognize the structural components of proteins, including the monomers,
the N- and C- terminal directionality, and the reason for this directionality.
Proteins consist of amino acids that are joined together by peptide (covalent) bonds between
the N-terminus to C-terminus (directionality) that is joined during protein synthesis.
Reason: This N-terminus to C-terminus directionality allows amino acids to form a chain by
joining specific functional groups (teapot analysis).
▪ Draw the generic structure of an amino acid and identify the key functional groups.
Functional Groups
i) Amino Group: NH2
ii) Carboxyl Group: COOH
iii) -H
iv) R group (side chain)
Carbon
