Songlin Zhu
2016.9
Kinesiology1080
Psycho-motor behaviour
• CNS (the brain and spinal cord) → skeletal muscle → movement
• Power-producing muscle fibre: extrafusal
• Pallidotomy (treat for Parkinson’s)
Drill a hole in the dura
Electrical probe into the brain
Map the brain and record activities of individual nerve cells
• Concussion
Rotational force (shearing, twisting)
Coup (primary force translating from the brain to the skull)
▪ PS. Less likely to occur: sinuses and facial bones act as airbags to absorb
forces.
Contercoup (contusion, swelling, blood clots)
▪ PS. More likely to occur.
Most susceptible to injure: frontal/temporal lobes
− Helmet: prevent skull fracture, not concussion
− No.1 concussion reported sport: men’s football
− Women’s soccer/basketball have more concussions than men:
1. weaker neck structure;
2. not-reported in men;
3. different protective factors (hormones)
• CTE (larger lateral ventricles; stains)
• ERP: event-related potentials (electrophysiology)
− N2pc: focus of visuospatial attention
− P300: stimulus classification processing speed
• Test results for athletes with no concussion, 1 concussion, 2 and more concussions:
− No N2pc difference
− No neuro-psychological difference
− Decreasing P300 respectively
• Bioscience areas:
a. Exercise physiology
b. Biomechanics
c. Motor control/learning
− Psychology
Richard Shiffrin: brain as a computer with serial nature
Perception → cognition → action
− Engineering
Arthur Melton: pilots can be selected based on specific individual abilities
,Songlin Zhu
2016.9
Paul Fitts: faulty human-machine interaction (incompatible spatial mapping);
ergonomics
− Neuroscience
C.S. Sherrington: reciprocal innervation
− Physical education
Franklin M. Henry: gross motor skills
• CNS hierarchical organization
Cerebral cortex
Luigi Galvani:
• Frog twitches
Thalamus, basal ganglia, pons, cerebellum • Bioelectrical signals are
present within CNS
Brain stem
Spinal cord
• Helmholtz:
− Speed of nerve conduction: 35-60 m/s
• Sensory neuron (afferent)
Segregated columns
Terminate mostly in S1
• Motor neuron (efferent)
Arise mostly in M1
Synapse with motor neuron
• Diseases
Of the cell body: ALS (amyotrophic lateral sclerosis)
PS. Influence amplitude of nerve conduction
Of the myelin: MS (multiple sclerosis) in CNS
PS. Influence conduction speed
Occipital lobe
• Early visual processing
• Contain V1 and secondary visual areas
• Extrastriate visual areas: (ex-V2) a more sophisticated area of visual processing
• Congenital blindness: brain plasticity for braille reading
• Hubel & Wiesel
− Binocular cells in V1: depth of vision, develop in the first few months of life
− Blobs: colours
− Interblobs: orientation sensitive
− Neurons in V1 have receptive fields
• Cortical magnification (horizontal visual field asymmetry)
− 70% of neurons in V1 contribute to central vision
− 30% contribute to peripheral vision
, Songlin Zhu
2016.9
• Vertical visual field asymmetry
− More photoreceptors in the superior hemiretina than the inferior hemiretina
− Results: more tasks are done in the lower visual field and projected to SH
• Treat for the lazy eye:
− Put a patch on the individual’s good eye to develop the necessary muscles
− If put on too early, destroy the ability to produce binocular cells and perceive
depth
Parietal lobe
• Contain S1
• Planning and control of movements
− Inferior parietal lobe: movement planning (generates command and intention to
move)
− Superior parietal lobe: integrate incoming sensory info for the control of action
and ongoing movement modification
• Visuospatial skills
• Disorders & treats
− Visuospatial neglect in the contralesional visual field (usually lesion on right PL
causes neglect on left VF)
Prism wedges/goggles: bend light to allow central vision shift to the left
− Apraxia: want/know how to do tasks, but can’t find motor info to perform
− Ataxia: can’t use sensory info to modify voluntary movement (can see changes
but can’t adapt their behavior)
− Alien hand syndrome: neurodegeneration in PL after lesion
− Magnetic misreaching: can’t perform binocular coordination tasks (lesion in left
PL affect sensory-motor transformation)
One movement at a time
Temporal lobe
• Contain A1 (left TL: speech perception)
• Visual object recognition
• Hippocampus: cognitive memory and learning, neurogenesis (formation of new synapses)
− Place neurons: when recognizing specific buildings when you walk by them,
creates special spatial mapping; code in sequence in the brain
Deterioration of place neurons: early onset Alzheimer’s (patients don’t know
where they are)
• Disorder
− Agnosia: can’t recognize objects, face blindness (only to human faces)
Frontal lobe
• Contain M1 and secondary motor areas
• Executive and high-level cognitive function (e.g. working memory: use knowledge to
solve problems)
2016.9
Kinesiology1080
Psycho-motor behaviour
• CNS (the brain and spinal cord) → skeletal muscle → movement
• Power-producing muscle fibre: extrafusal
• Pallidotomy (treat for Parkinson’s)
Drill a hole in the dura
Electrical probe into the brain
Map the brain and record activities of individual nerve cells
• Concussion
Rotational force (shearing, twisting)
Coup (primary force translating from the brain to the skull)
▪ PS. Less likely to occur: sinuses and facial bones act as airbags to absorb
forces.
Contercoup (contusion, swelling, blood clots)
▪ PS. More likely to occur.
Most susceptible to injure: frontal/temporal lobes
− Helmet: prevent skull fracture, not concussion
− No.1 concussion reported sport: men’s football
− Women’s soccer/basketball have more concussions than men:
1. weaker neck structure;
2. not-reported in men;
3. different protective factors (hormones)
• CTE (larger lateral ventricles; stains)
• ERP: event-related potentials (electrophysiology)
− N2pc: focus of visuospatial attention
− P300: stimulus classification processing speed
• Test results for athletes with no concussion, 1 concussion, 2 and more concussions:
− No N2pc difference
− No neuro-psychological difference
− Decreasing P300 respectively
• Bioscience areas:
a. Exercise physiology
b. Biomechanics
c. Motor control/learning
− Psychology
Richard Shiffrin: brain as a computer with serial nature
Perception → cognition → action
− Engineering
Arthur Melton: pilots can be selected based on specific individual abilities
,Songlin Zhu
2016.9
Paul Fitts: faulty human-machine interaction (incompatible spatial mapping);
ergonomics
− Neuroscience
C.S. Sherrington: reciprocal innervation
− Physical education
Franklin M. Henry: gross motor skills
• CNS hierarchical organization
Cerebral cortex
Luigi Galvani:
• Frog twitches
Thalamus, basal ganglia, pons, cerebellum • Bioelectrical signals are
present within CNS
Brain stem
Spinal cord
• Helmholtz:
− Speed of nerve conduction: 35-60 m/s
• Sensory neuron (afferent)
Segregated columns
Terminate mostly in S1
• Motor neuron (efferent)
Arise mostly in M1
Synapse with motor neuron
• Diseases
Of the cell body: ALS (amyotrophic lateral sclerosis)
PS. Influence amplitude of nerve conduction
Of the myelin: MS (multiple sclerosis) in CNS
PS. Influence conduction speed
Occipital lobe
• Early visual processing
• Contain V1 and secondary visual areas
• Extrastriate visual areas: (ex-V2) a more sophisticated area of visual processing
• Congenital blindness: brain plasticity for braille reading
• Hubel & Wiesel
− Binocular cells in V1: depth of vision, develop in the first few months of life
− Blobs: colours
− Interblobs: orientation sensitive
− Neurons in V1 have receptive fields
• Cortical magnification (horizontal visual field asymmetry)
− 70% of neurons in V1 contribute to central vision
− 30% contribute to peripheral vision
, Songlin Zhu
2016.9
• Vertical visual field asymmetry
− More photoreceptors in the superior hemiretina than the inferior hemiretina
− Results: more tasks are done in the lower visual field and projected to SH
• Treat for the lazy eye:
− Put a patch on the individual’s good eye to develop the necessary muscles
− If put on too early, destroy the ability to produce binocular cells and perceive
depth
Parietal lobe
• Contain S1
• Planning and control of movements
− Inferior parietal lobe: movement planning (generates command and intention to
move)
− Superior parietal lobe: integrate incoming sensory info for the control of action
and ongoing movement modification
• Visuospatial skills
• Disorders & treats
− Visuospatial neglect in the contralesional visual field (usually lesion on right PL
causes neglect on left VF)
Prism wedges/goggles: bend light to allow central vision shift to the left
− Apraxia: want/know how to do tasks, but can’t find motor info to perform
− Ataxia: can’t use sensory info to modify voluntary movement (can see changes
but can’t adapt their behavior)
− Alien hand syndrome: neurodegeneration in PL after lesion
− Magnetic misreaching: can’t perform binocular coordination tasks (lesion in left
PL affect sensory-motor transformation)
One movement at a time
Temporal lobe
• Contain A1 (left TL: speech perception)
• Visual object recognition
• Hippocampus: cognitive memory and learning, neurogenesis (formation of new synapses)
− Place neurons: when recognizing specific buildings when you walk by them,
creates special spatial mapping; code in sequence in the brain
Deterioration of place neurons: early onset Alzheimer’s (patients don’t know
where they are)
• Disorder
− Agnosia: can’t recognize objects, face blindness (only to human faces)
Frontal lobe
• Contain M1 and secondary motor areas
• Executive and high-level cognitive function (e.g. working memory: use knowledge to
solve problems)
