S-130 Module 2 (Watch Out & LCES) & 3 (Fire Shelter) Already Passed

S-130 Module 2 (Watch Out & LCES) & 3 (Fire Shelter) Already Passed What does LCES stand for? Lookouts Communications Escape Routes Safety Zones Most incidents happen on relatively small fires or on, (blank), sections of large fires Isolated sections Flare-ups generally occur in deceptively, (blank), fuels, such as grass, herbs, & light brush. Light Fuels Fires move especially, (blank), uphill in chimneys, drainages, and on steep slopes Uphill What are the 4 colored sections in the IRPG? 1. GREEN - Operational guidelines 2. YELLOW - Risk guidelines 3. RED - First Aid guidelines; & 4. BLUE - Aviation guidelines What are THREE situations that shout, "Watch Out"? 1. Safety zones and escape routes not identified 2. Building a fireline downhill with fire below 3. Wind increases &/ or changes directions What is Fire Fighting "Order 1"? Keep informed on fire weather conditions and forecasts. This includes the following questions: 1. What is the weather in the fire area? 2. What is the weather likely to do? What is Fire Fighting "Order 2"? Know what your fire is doing at all times How many Fire Fighting Orders are there? 10 Standard Fire Fighting Orders 1 through 3 are grouped under the heading, (blank). Fire Behavior What are Fire Fighting Orders 1 through 3; referred to as the Fire Behavior group? Fire Behavior Orders: 1. Keep informed on fire weather conditions & forecasts 2. Know what your fire is doing at all times; & 3. Base all actions on current & expected fire behavior When fighting a wildfire, before you do anything else, you need to know, (blank): You need to know what the fire is doing and what it Might do. Once you know what the fire is doing, you have the information you need to establish your, (blank) Fireline Safety What are Fire Fighting Orders 4 through 6; referred to as the Fireline Safety group? Fireline Safety: 4. Identify escape routes & safety zones, & make them known 5. Post lookouts when there is possible danger 6. Be alert. Keep calm. Think clearly. Act decisively. Fire Fighting Orders 7 through 9 fall under the category of, (blank). This when prompt communication is established, clear instructions are given, & control is maintained. Organizational Control What are Fire Fighting Orders 7 through 9 referred to as Organizational Control? 7. Maintain prompt communications with everyone in the team. 8. Give clear instructions & ensure they are understood; & 9. Maintain control of your forces at all times. What is Fire Fighting Order 10? Order 10 is: Fight the Fire aggressively, having provided for safety first. It falls under the heading, Overall Intent. Once you have sized up the fire (orders 1 through 3), established fireline safety (order 4 through 6), and are part of organizational control (orders 7 through 9) what do you do? Order 10 - Fight the fire aggressively (overall intent) Crews should hold off on assignments until, (blank), is included LCES Supervisors should post one or more, (blank), to continuously monitor the progress of the fire. Lookouts Lookouts should be able to see both the fire and firefighters and understand the fire, (blank), they are seeing. Fire Behavior Supervisors must verify, (blank), at the beginning and throughout the work shift. Communications An, (blank), is the route firefighters take to reach a safety zone, or safe area, when they are threatened by the advancing fire. Escape Route You should have at least, (blank), escape routes. 2 Make escape routes lead to a, (blank), in the black or farther into the green away from the fire. Safety Zone Constantly, (blank), escape routes and consider things such as barriers, the terrain, the ROS of the fire, & the physical abilities of your crew members. Reassess Escape routes should be marked with hot-pink, (blank). Flagging tape If you are running, and the fire is gaining on you, drop any gear you don't need, except your, (blank). Fire Shelter Safety zones must contain little or no, (blank), material. Combustible To be effective, safety zones must have a radius equal to at least. (blank), times the flame length present in the fire. 4 times Never put, (blank), in areas where the topography lends itself to faster fire spread, such as slopes, saddles, chutes, or drainages. Also, most roads are not wide enough to be effective safety zones. SAFETY ZONES When no surface zones are at hand, you can construct a safety zone by scraping away, (blank), down to mineral soil. Surface fuels Do the following THREE thing if you must construct a safety zone: 1. Use mechanized equipment in areas with heavy fuels. 2. Consider burning out a safety zone 3. Use hand tools to improve a constructed safety zone, if necessary. The IRPG's specific distance recomendations are based on the assumption that there is no, (blank), and no convective heat transfer from wind. No Slope Safety zones are, (blank), the same as deployment sites. NOT A, (blank), is a location where a threatened firefighter may find refuge from danger without the aid of a fire shelter. Safety Zone What are the TWO key characteristics of a deployment site? 1. It is used when your escape routes & safety zones have been compromised. 2. It is your location of last report & will require your fire shelter to air your survival. Identify THREE examples of safety zones: 1. Constructed areas 2. Natural areas; & 3. The burn Identify FOUR travel barriers that could affect escape time to a safety zone: 1. Loose soils 2. Vegetation 3. Rocks; & 4. Hills How many "Watch-out" situations are listed in the IRPG? 18 Identify FOUR good places to locate your fire shelter: 1. In areas with light fuels 2. In wide control lines 3. In burned areas with no re-burn potential 4. In natural firebreaks NEVER keep you, (blank), inside your pack. Fire Shelter When using a fire shelter, pressing your face flat against the, (blank), is the best position to breath clean cool air. Ground The New Generation fire shelters have improved, (blank), from both radiant heat and direct flame contact. Protection What are the greatest threats that firefighters face during an entrapment? Burns to the body and inhalation of hot gases that can cause asphyxiation. The foil outer skin of the fire shelter reflects approximately, (blank), percent of the radiant heat that reaches it. 95% As opposed to radiant heat, energy from, (blank), heat (direct flame contact) is rapidly absorbed into the shelter material. Convective If radiant or convective heat absorbed by the shelter becomes extreme, shelter materials may begin to melt or, (blank). Delaminate DO NOT leave your shelter until you are told to do so by your, (blank). Supervisor The limiting factor of the shelter's durability is its, (blank). Shelters cannot endure prolonged periods of direct flame contact. Melting Temperature Even when the adhesive totally degrades inside the fire shelter, the main toxicant in the air is the, (blank), from the fire. Air When inspecting your fire shelter pay special attention to, (blank), damage on the shelter. Abrasion Damage Where are 5 GOOD places to place a fire shelter? 1. Light Fuels 2. Natural firebreaks (e.g. creek beds, rock slide areas) 3. Wide control lines (e.g. dozer lines) 4. Burned areas with no reburn potential; & 5. Areas where the flame front will pass quickly Once you decide on a specific spot for your fire shelter, clear an area about 4 by 8 feet or larger and scrape the area of vegetation down to, (blank). Mineral Soil What are the THREE essential items to include in your fire shelter? 1. Protective clothing, including hard hat & gloves 2. Portable radio; & 3. Water Never, (blank), yourself down before or after entering a fire shelter. Wet You should be able to deploy your shelter in less than, (blank), seconds. 25 seconds What are the basic principles for deploying a fire shelter? 1. Remove the shelter from packaging 2. Open & shake the shelter fully open 3. Get your feet inside the shelter 4. Get into a face-down position with your feet toward the fire. 5. Use your head & extremities to secure the edges of the shelter. When deployment sites have become compromised, other heat barrier options include, (blank): 1. Natural & constructed areas 2. Substantial structures 3. Engines; & 4. Heavy Equipment