CHAPTER 9 - HUMAN BIOLOGY (CONCEPTS AND CURRENT ISSUES)-44 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

The world is swarming with living organisms (________), and even some non-living entities (__________ and __________) Bacteria, viruses, prions Organisms that cause diseases are called ____________. Pathogens Pathogens come from __________ the ________. Outside the body _____________ come from within the body (alterations to a cell's DNA) Mutations Mutations may cause some of our own cells to become abnormal, and may even lead to ______________. Cancer Non-specific defense mechanisms Help the body respond to generalized tissue damage, and many of the more common or obvious pathogens, including most bacteria and some viruses. Specific Defense Mechanisms antibodies: for specific pathogens Barriers to entry or ways of expelling or neutralizing pathogens before they can do harm Skin, stomach acid, tears, vomiting and defecation Crucial to the specific and non-specific defense mechanisms is the ____________ _____________, Immune system The immune system A complex group of cells, proteins and structures of the lymphatic system and circulatory systems. Pathogens cause _____________, and include: Disease Bacteria, viruses, fungi, a few protozoa, and possibly prisons, larger parasites, including various worms can also be pathogens. Bacteria Single-celled organisms that do not have a nucleus, or membrane-bound organelles. 1. Prokaryote 2. DNA: single closed loop in cytoplasm, attached to plasma membrane 3. Uses ATP from Carbohydrates (CHO), and fats as energy Bacterial diseases Tetanus, Cholera, Botulism, Tuberculosis, Syphilis, etc. Bacteria (photo) Bacteria (Diagram) Virus Much smaller than bacteria / human cell Composed of: Double strand of DNA or single strand of RNA surrounded by protein coat Reproduction, growth? Replication: incorporates its genetic material into cell's genetic material; copies Viral Diseases Influenza, Herpes Simplex, Hepatitis, HIV, Adenovirus, etc. The _________ _________ ________ ___________ killed an estimated 20 million people worldwide!! 1918 Spanish influenza virus Pathogens: Prion Prion - a misfolded form of normal brain cell protein cooking, freezing, and even drying "Mad cow disease" 1986 - Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) Once prions enter a nerve cell they convert normal forms of certain brain cell protein into new prion, eventually so many prions accumulate within the infected brain cells that the cells die and burst. Prions are resistant to ____________, _____________, and even____________. Cooking, freezing, drying There is no known cure for ____________ infection Piron Any substance that produces an inappropriate response of the immune system is referred to as: An allergen Skin is able to prevent most microorganisms from entering the body by: having keratin in the uppermost layer Passive immunity differs from active immunity in that passive immunity: involves the administration of preformed antibodies. Characteristics of bacteria include all of the following, EXCEPT _____________. presence of membrane-bound organelles Activation of a B cell leads to all of the following, EXCEPT: destruction of cytokines Lupus erythematosus is an autoimmune disorder in which the body attacks its own connective tissue In what way can you reduce the rejection of the transplanted organ? By giving the recipient immunosuppressive drugs. Which one of the following is TRUE regarding lymph nodes? They filter lymph fluid, trapping microorganisms and abnormal cells. Which statement explains why people get so many colds. The viruses change their antigenic structure rapidly so they are not recognized by memory cells. Which answer lists the steps of phagocytosis in the CORRECT order? Foreign cell is surrounded by the cell membrane of the phagocyte. Foreign cell is contained within a vesicle. Lysosome fuses with the vesicle containing a foreign cell. Lysosomal enzymes break down the foreign cell. Wastes from the foreign cell are removed. In what ways is the secondary immune response different from the primary immune response? More antibodies are produced. It is faster It is longer lasting