MIP 300 Final Exam fully solved 2023/2024

MIP 300 Final Exam Antigenic drift - correct answer Small changes (or mutations) in the genes of influenza viruses that can lead to changes in the surface proteins of the virus Antigenic shift - correct answer An abrupt, major change in an influenza A virus, resulting in new surface proteins and/or new HA and NA proteins in influenza viruses that infect humans Asymptomatic carriers - healthy - correct answer A person or other organism that has become infected with a pathogen, but that displays no signs or symptoms. Asymptomatic carriers - incubatory - correct answer When an individual transmits pathogens immediately following infection but prior to developing symptom Asymptomatic carriers - convalescent - correct answer Spreading disease following a period of illness, typically thinking themselves cured of the disease Pathogen - correct answer A bacterium, virus, or other microorganism that can cause disease Example of a pathogen - correct answer A pathogen can be protozoa, alga, yeast, mold, bacterium virus, or prion. Any of the diseases learned about are caused by a pathogen falling into these categories (e.g. ergotism=disease caused by mold-pathogen). Reservoir host - correct answer A host that serves as a source of infection and potential reinfection of humans and as a means of sustaining a parasite when it is not infecting humans Inanimate reservoirs - correct answer An inanimate host for the pathogen of an infectious disease Example of a reservoir host - correct answer Legionnaires' disease uses amoebas as a reservoir host. Example of an inanimate reservoir - correct answer Anthrax is found in soil, an inanimate reservoir. Endotoxin - correct answer A toxic component of the outer membrane of certain gram-negative bacteria that is released only when the bacteria die. Example of what may produce an endotoxin - correct answer Found in the outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria. Exotoxin - correct answer A toxin released by a living bacterial cell into its surroundings. Example of what may produce exotoxin - correct answer Botulism bacteria Clostridium botulinum produces an enxoxin which, when ingested, causes paralysis and blurred vision, difficulty swallowing, etc. Zoonotic disease - correct answer A disease communicable from animals to humans under natural conditions; also know as zoonosis Example of a zoonotic disease - correct answer Plague Fomite - correct answer An inanimate object or substance capable of carrying infectious organisms Example of a fomite - correct answer A fomite could be a blanket, spoon, cup, park water fountain; anything an infected person has come into contact with. Congential infections - correct answer Affect the unborn fetus or newborn infant. They are generally caused by viruses that may be picked up by the baby at any time during the pregnancy up through the time of delivery. Biological vectors - correct answer A living organism that transmits an infectious agent from an infected animal to a human or another animal. The vector may carry pathogens that can multiply within their bodies and be delivered to new hosts, usually by biting.