CSET Subtest 1 Latest Version Already Passed

CSET Subtest 1 Latest Version Already Passed Phoneme smallest part of spoken language that makes difference in the meaning of words. if has two phoneme /i/ /f/ chech /ch/ /e/ /k/ Grapheme smallest part of written language that represent a phoneme in the spelling of a word Phonemic awareness ability to hear, identify, and manipulate the individual sounds phoneme in words. The understanding that that sounds work together to make words. Helps in reading Decoding analysis of spoken or written symbols in order to understand their meaning blending when children combine individual phonemes to form words. morpheme unit of meaning that cannot be divided into smaller elements such as the word "book" semantics the analysis and study of meaning of words, phrases and sentences syntax examination of various ways that words combine to create meaning, the study of how sentences are formed Fast mapping young children are able to use context to arrive at a quick guess of a words meaning Reading assessments formal and informal reading assessments. Aphabet knowledge, concepts about print, phonemic awareness, phonics test, high frequency word recognition, oral reading inventory, spelling inventory. How to teach phonemic awareness 1. teacher says "im going to say the sounds in the word jam. 2. say the word out loud 3. write the word down, 4. read the word together Phonological awareness not the same as phonemic awareness. Phonemic awareness is narrow-identifying and manipulating individual sounds. Phonological awareness is broad- includes identifying and manipulating larger parts of spoken language such as words, syllables, onsets and rhymes as well as phonemes phonics teaches children the relationship between the letters(graphemes) of written language and the individual sounds(phonemes) of spoken language. Critisism is the english spellings are too irregular for phonics to help. Teaching phonics Assess, plan, explicitly teach and model phonics, select and design resource material, provide fluency practice, provide ongoing assessment. fluency exercises student adult reading, choral reading, tape assisted reading, partner reading, readers theatre text comprehension actvities monitoring comprehension, using graphic and semantic organizers, answering questions, generating questions, recognizing story structure, summarizing, making use of prior knowledge, usinf mental imagery Generes in writing narrative-tells a story, interpretive- explains, explores impotance of event, descriptive- describes a person place or thing, persuasive- takes a stand on issue, expository- inform, explains a subject to reader novels like a short story but expands on plot, adds subplots, deeper characters short stories condensed story, popular in elementary schools folk tales old as language. adapt from culture to culture enriched with customes and beliefs. Usually narrative, author is never known, include fairy tales, legends, fables, tall tales and humorous. Study in book pages 52-56 Four river valley civilizations (Near East) Mesopotania, Egypt, India, Chins Mesopotania is in Southwest Asia, Tigiris and Euphrates river. Development- writing, organized government, written law code, systematized religion, astronomy, Astrology. Egypt Northeastern Africa, Banks of Nile Ricer, Mediterranean and Reds Seas. Dev- complex religion of gods, rituals, and governance, writing, engineering and building, mathematics India Southern Asia, Indus and Ganges Rivers, Arabian Sea. Dev- urban culture, planned cities, city wide sanitation system, metallurgy(gold, bronze, copper,tin) Measurement (weight, time, length, mass) China East Asia, yellow river. Dev- writing, commerce, government. Greek- Organized warfare Mycenae, Sparta, Phalanx Greek- Literature Epic poetry, plays (drama, tragedy, comedy) Greek-History Herdotous (the Persian Wars) Thucydides (the Peloponnesian War) Greek-Architecture Columns and Colonnades, Parthenon Greek arts- Theater, sculpture, decorative pottery Greek Government Democracy (Athens), Oligarchy (Sparta), Bureaucracy (Alexander the Great) Roman Law Rule of law/Equality before the law. Civil and law codes Roman- Engineering and architecture Concrete, arc, roman roads, aqueducts and cisterns, monumental buildings Roman Culture History, literature, rhetoric Contributors to the fall of Rome Reasons for fall of Roman Empire 1) over expanded - not enough soldiers 2) Used mercenary soldiers who were not loyal 3) inflation 4) excessive taxation 5) decreased Ag production 6) division over Christianity rise 7) Continuous barbarian invasions Byzantine Accomplishments language and cultural accomplishments preserved. 2. Center of world trade and exchange of culture. 3. Codificaton of roman law (justinian Code) 4. Easturn church converted Slavic people to Chiristians 5. New focus for art: glorification of Christianity Byzantine Success 1. economic prosperity due to trade routes and monopoly on silk trade.2. practiced diplomacy to avoid invasion.3 Code of roman law.4. excellent defense boarders Byzantine Decline geographicly close to Arabs, Slavs, Turks which were becoming more powerful. Religious controversy, split from Roman catholic church, the sack of Constantinople during fourth crusade Islam: Muslim Contributions Institution- hospitales, libraries, Universities, med school. Agriculture- cash crops, crop rotation, irrigation Mathematics- Algebra, algorithms, arabic numbers, decimal point Globalization- work of scholars, exploration, trade Science- methodology, Astrolable Art- caligraphy, glazed pottery, illuminated manuscripts medicine- forceps, bone saw, scalpel technology- mechanical clocks, pointed arc, stained glass, windmill The early middle ages (dark ages) the collapse of Rome, Europe entered a time of chaotic political, economic and urban decline. Feudalism new kind of society created in Europe during Early middle ages Outcomes of Feudalism political stability, leaidng lords emerged as kings, foundation of nation states. Economic self sufficiency, foundation for urbanization, productive surpluses and skills for trade, trade would lead to growth, Chistian value system by the church Englands Magna Carta Key provisions- kings authority limited by law, rights of the kings subjects declared, respect for legal procedures. Modern influence- constitutionalism, individual rights, due process of the law. Renaissance- rebirth of classical Greek and Roman culture Emphasis on humanism- progress through rational thought, universal nature of the human condition. Secularism- writings of the Greek and roman philosophers and commentaries on their work, free political and governance from church control. realism and formalism- art of everyday people, realistic rather than idealized deceptions, architecture based on greek and roman forms causes of the Industrial Revolution on Europe new mechanical inventions, investment capitaol available and rise of middle class provided economic base. Cotton textile was well established, coal, iron, supply of cheap labor result of Industrial Revolution increase in productivity, rise of factory system, demographic changes, division of society. Industrial Revolution Inventions flying shuttle, cotton gin, steam locomotive, steamboat Africa composed of desert, savanna and tropical rain forest. Four rivers important to economic history- Nile, Congo, Niger and Zambezi. Religion and politics became focus in culture. Art and sculpture were emphasized. Maya Maya Central America/Meso America Farming culture Olmec influenced Stelae statues that recorded history Poly theistic logographic Engineering, mathemtaics, astronomy Unk why they collapsed made tortillas Aztecs Aztecs Central Mexico Warlike Tenochtitlan - major city Warfare was a religious duty Capture prisoners Montezuma was ruler Human sacrifice - 5 sun gods Farming Conquered by the Spanish Inca Inca largest precolumbian population South America Ploytheistic Clear forest, build roads suspension sysmte complex accounting system - quipu (knots on rope) Spain eventually conquered after civil war of bros Impact of Spanish exploration Disease devastated native populations, mass transfer of wealth from the Americas to Spain, end of political and economic independence, loss of native culture, conversion to christianity. Confucius wanted to improve society, taught certain guidlines to a happy life, wanted to return the values of family and culture Europeans in the New World Age of Discovery, Spain france, England and the Netherlands competed for land. England developed permanent colonies in North America. New England= ship building and commerce, middle colonies= farming and commerce, southern colonies= tobacco, cotton and slavery. Europeans and Africans were the major population groups. Colonies New England= Massachusetts, New HAmpshire, Rhode Island, connecticut Middle= Pennsylvania, New York, Delaware, New Jersey Southern= Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia Background of American Revolution A.R was fought to obtain independence. Colonial concepts of political and economic freedom were key factors leading to the A.R. Colonial opposition to Bristish actions steadily increases during this period. Civil War Economic and social differences between the North and South. Sates versus federal rights.The fight between slave and non slave state proponents. Growth of the Abolition Movement.The election of Abraham Lincoln. California Economic boost (pre-depression) oil, movie making and agriculture contributed to the boost. Immigrants moving to CA, openeing of the panama Canal extended international links, population growth also contributed. Dust bowl hundreds of thousand migrated to CA in hopes of a better quality of life and work. Increase of homeless out of work families created economic and social problems for CA. Causes of the great depression 1. Stock Market crash 2. bank failures 3. reduction of purchasing across the board 4. american economic policy with europe 5. drought conditions