APES AP Exam 2023 Already Graded A

APES AP Exam 2023 Already Graded A Ecosystem services Natural environments provide ecosystem services. Which is the process by which life supporting resources such as clean water, timber, fisheries, and agriculture crops are produced. Relationship between population health and genetic diversity Populations with high genetic diversity are better able to respond to environmental change than populations with lower genetic diversity. Background extinction rate The average rate at which species go extinct over the long term is referred to as the background extinction rate. Hectare conversations There are 2.47 acres in a hectare. Round to 2.5 acres in a hectare. When going from Hectares to Acres you multiply and the opposite for acres to hectares. Sustainable practices (give example) Sustainable Development- development that balances current human well-being and economic advancement with resource management for the benefit of future generations. Biking. Per capita wheat production Wheat production per capita has been increasing since 1950 but since 1985 the production per capita has leveled off and even started a downward incline because of population growth. Components of a scientific experiment: Control, Hypothesis, Replication, and Constants. Control in an experiment means to have control groups and only change one variable at a time to get as clear results as possible. A hypothesis is a testable conjecture about how something works. Scientists will use something called replication which is a process in which several sets of measurements are recorded. Constants are a variable in an experiment in which the variable stays the same every time so the variable that is tested can show change. Isotopes, radioactive decay, and half-life Isotopes are atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons. Radioactive decay is unstable isotopes that are radioactive. They undergo radioactive decay. Measuring radioactive decay is commonly stated in terms of the half-life, which is the time it takes for one half of the original radioactive parent atoms to decay. Carbon (radiometric) dating You can estimate the life of a fossil by comparing the ratio of carbon 14. Measures in the ratio of C14 to N14 (knowing the half life) you can estimate the age of a fossil. Water's polarity Polarity in molecules of different charges being attracted to each other. In a water molecule carbon is slightly positively charged and the oxygen is slightly negatively charged. This forms a weak hydrogen bond and causes other hydrogen molecules to be attracted to the oxygen molecules. pH scale what it measures and logarithmic pH indicates the relative strength of acids and bases in a substance. A pH value of 7 is pure water. Anything above 7 is basic or Alkaline and anything below 7 is acidic and have H+ and basic above 7 is H-. Logarithmic is everything being multiplied by 10. Energy and power. How are they measured (Units)? WHat units measure energy and power? Energy is the ability to do work, or transfer heat. Juels measure energy. Power is the rate at which work is done and is usually measured in kilowatts(kW) but (kWh) kilowatt hour is a measurement for energy. Watts and Kilowatts conversion 1,000 watts in a kilowatt Calculating total energy efficiency of energy conversion from a fuel to use of an electronic device - Basic Understanding Study Refrigerator Problem (Do the Math) Chapter 2 Coal--- electricity (x%)--- transmission lines (x% ---- powering light bulbs (x%) x*x*x= total energy efficiency. First and Second Law of Thermodynamics The first law of thermodynamics states that energy is neither created nor destroyed but it can change from one form to another. The second law of thermodynamics tells us that when energy is transformed, the quantity of energy remains the same, but its ability to do work diminishes. Positive vs. Negative Feedback loops Negative feedback loops is a system that responds to a change by returning to its original state, or by decreasing the rate at which the change is occurring. Positive feedback loop is when a change in a system is amplified. Constant increase in change. Positive feedback amplifies change and negative feedback resists. STUDY EXAMPLES IN TEXTBOOK. Photosynthesis vs. Cellular Respiration - Formula, whic