APES Chapter 1 and 2 (2023/2024) (Certified Answers)

APES Chapter 1 and 2 (2023/2024) (Certified Answers) Exponential Growth Growth whose rate becomes ever more rapid in proportion to the growing total number or size. Environmental Science An interdisciplinary study of how humans interact with the environment of living and nonliving things. Ecology Scientific study of interactions among organisms and between organisms and their environment Environmentalism A social movement dedicated to protecting the natural world. Sustainability A principle of environmental science that demands us to maintain Earth's systems and its natural resources for the future. Natural Capital Natural resources and natural services that keep us and other species alive and support our economies. Natural Resources Raw materials supplied by nature that come from the earth, the water, or the air and are used to produce goods. Natural Services Functions of nature, such as purification of air and water, which support life and human economies. Nutrient Cycling The pathway of various nutrient minerals or elements from the environment through organisms and back to the environment Solar Capital Energy from the sun Trade-Offs a balancing of risks and benefits caused from an action GDP Gross Domestic Product- the total market value of all final goods and services produced annually in an economy GDP PPP GDP per capita purchasing power parody the value of all final goods divided by the average population of a country Economic Development Improvement of human living standards by economic growth Developed v. Developing Countries ... Perpetual Resources On a human time scale it is renewed continuously; ex: the sun Renewable Resources Resources that can be restored or replenished, these are resources that are not lost forever once used. Examples include, human skills, a tennis ball that can be hit time and time again Nonrenewable Resources A natural resource that is not replaced in a useful time frame. Sustainable Yield Highest rate at which a renewable resource can be used indefinitely without reducing its available supply Tragedy of the Commons A parable that illustrates why common resources are used more than is desirable from the standpoint of society as a whole Reduce, Reuse, Recycle The ideal that many materials can be recycled and reused in order to prevent excess waste. Also, by reducing waste there would be less pollution. Ecological Footprint A way of measuring how much of an impact a person or community has on the earth. Someone who uses more natural resources will have a bigger footprint than someone who uses less. Point vs. Non-point sources of pollution Point, from specific location such as a pipe. Non-point, from over an area such as runoff Pollution prevention and Cleanup This 1990 law was the first US environmental law to focus on the reduced generation of pollutants at their point of origin. Poverty Occurs when people are unable to fulfill their basic needs for adequate food, water, shelter, health, and education. Environmental worldview A set of assumptions and values reflecting how you think the world works and what you think your role in the world should be Principles of Sustainability Reliance on Solar Energy, Biodiversity, and Chemical Cycling. Scientific Method A series of steps followed to solve problems including collecting data, formulating a hypothesis, testing the hypothesis, and stating conclusions. Tentative Science Results that are not yet considered reliable and are disagreed on Frontier Science Preliminary scientific data, hypotheses, and models that have not been widely tested and accepted Reliable Science Consists of data, hypotheses, theories, and laws that are widely accepted by scientists who are considered experts in the field under study. Unreliable Science Scientific hypotheses and results that are presented as reliable without having undergone the rigors of peer review, or that have been discarded as a result of peer review, are considered to be unreliable science. Inductive vs. Deductive Reasoning Inductive: Specific to general, Deductive: general to specific Matter Anything that has mass and takes up space Elements A molecule composed of one kind of atom; cannot be broken into simpler units by chemical reactions. Compounds 2 or more elements chemically combined Atom Basic unit of matter Atomic Theory All elements are made of atoms Protons Have a positive charge Neutrons the particles of the nucleus that have no charge Electrons Negative charge Atomic Number Number of protons Mass Number the sum of the number of neutrons and protons in an atomic nucleus Isotopes Atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons. Ion A particle that is electrically charged (positive or negative) pH Scale Measurement system used to indicate the concentration of hydrogen ions (H+) in solution; ranges from 0 to 14 Molecule A group of atoms held together by covalent bonds. Chemical Formulas Tells what elements make up a compound and the ratios of the atoms of those elements Organic vs. inorganic compounds Organic: carbon-based molecules; inorganic: no carbon, man made Physical vs. Chemical Changes Physical is any change in a property of matter that does not result in a change in identity, chemical is any change that one or more substances are converted into different substances w/ different characteristic properties Nuclear Fission A nuclear reaction in which a massive nucleus splits into smaller nuclei with the simultaneous release of energy Nuclear Fusion 2 isotopes of light elements (H) forced together at high temperatures till they fuse to form a heavier nucleus. Expensive, break even point not reached yet Radioactive Decay A spontaneous process in which unstable nuclei lose energy by emitting radiation Kinetic vs. Potential Energy Potential energy is the "stored" energy is held within the gravitational field. Kinetic is the energy of motion Heat Energy that is being transferred. Electromagnetic Radiation A form of energy that exhibits wavelike behavior as it travels through space. Law of Conservation of Energy Matter is not created nor destroyed in any chemical or physical change Second Law of Thermodynamics When two bodies at different temperatures are placed in contact with each other, heat will flow from the warmer body to the cooler body until a final equilibrium temperature is reached. Feedback Loops Chain of cause and effect that forms a loop, such as more eBook buying →more digital reading → less print buying → fewer book stores →(this continues) Time Delays Complex systems often show time delays between the input of a feedback stimulus and the response to it. Tipping Points The point at which a building environmental problem reaches a threshold level, causing a fundamental shift in the behavior of a system Synergistic Interactions Interaction of two or more factors or processes so that the combined effect is greater than the sum of their separate effects Five Limitations of Science 1. Scientists can not prove anything absolutely 2. bias 3. statistical errors variables Physical experiments are often changed so that it is hard to control therefore models must be used 5. scientific process is limit to understanding to moral world, eithics and morals do not factor in