MCAT HORMONES EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 2024.

Anterior Pituitary Acronym FLATPEG Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) Lutenizing (LH) Adrenocorticotropic (ACTH) Thyroid-stimulating (TSH) Prolactin Endorphins Growth Hormone Growth Hormone Anterior Pituitary Bone, Muscle, cells Growth, glucose uptake, break down FA Stim by GHRH Inhib by Somatostatin Brainpower Read More 0:02 / 0:15 Prolactin Anterior Pituitary Mammary glands Stimulates milk production Stim by Prolactin releasing hormone Not inhib ACTH (Adrenocortiotropic Hormone) Anterior Pituitary Adrenal Cortex Stim adrenal cortex to synth and secrete glucocoriticoids Stim by Corticotropin Release Factor Not inhib TSH (Thyroid stim hormone) Anterior Pituitary Thyroid gland (secreted) Stim thyroid to absorb iodine and synthesize and release thyroid hormone Stim by Thyroid release hormone Not inhib LH (Luteinizing hormone) Anterior Pituitary Synthesize testosterone/ovulation and formation of corpus luteum in interstitial cells of testes and ovaries FSH (Follicle-stim hormone) Anterior Pituitary Effector: Seminiferous tubules/ovarian follicles Maturation and sperm production/maturation of follicles Stim/Inhib by Estrogen and GnRH Oxytocin Posterior Pituitary (secreted) Hypothalamus (synthesized) Uterus/mammary glands Contractions/milk production Stim by childbirth/suckline ADH (Vasopressin) Posterior Pituitary (secreted) Hypothalamus (synthesized) Nephron Inc permeability to water, reabsorb of water Stim by osmolarity inc or blood vol dec Inhib by alcohol and caffeine (T3 and T4) Thyroid Hormones Thyroid Many tissues Metabolic Activity Stim by TSH Inhib by high plasma levels of thyroid hormone Calcitonin Thyroid Bone, kidney, liver decreases blood calcium level Stim by high blood calcium Not inhib Parathyroid hormone Parathyroid Bone, kidney, intestines Inc blood calcium level Stim by low blood calcium levels Inhib by Ca2+ Glucocorticoids (cortisol & cortisone) Adrenal Cortex Glucose regulation and protein metabolism pathways Inc blood glucose and decreases protein synth Stim by ACTH Inhib by negative feedback mechanism Mineralcorticoids (aldosterone) Adrenal Cortex Nephron Inc water reabsorption in kidneys, rise in blood vol, and rise in blood pressure Stim by Renin-angiotensin sys (specifically antiotensin 2 acting on adrenal cortex to secrete) Inhib by negative feedback mechanism Epinephrine and Norepinephrine Adrenal Medulla Muscle, liver, heart, circulatrory sys, brain, skin, digestive tract Inc blood glucose and heart rate Stim by Sympathetic nervous sys Inhib by DRUGS :) Glucagon Pancreas (secreted) Alpha Cells of Pancreas (synthesized) All over Stim conversion of glycogen to glucose in liver, inc blood glucose Stim by low blood sugar/gastrin/CCK Inhib by high blood sugar Insulin Pancreas (secreted) Beta cells of pancreas (synthesized) Muscle, liver, adipose Lowers blood glucose and inc glycogen stores Stim by high blood sugar Inhib by low blood sugar Somatostatin Pancreas (secreted) Delta Cells of Pancreas All over Suppresses secretion of glucagon and insulin Stim by high amino acid levels, CCK and GH Not inhib Testosterone Testies (secreted) Interstitial cells of testes (synthsized) Embryo Male 2ndary sex characteristics Stim by FSH and LH Not inhib Estrogen Ovarian Flollicles & Corpus Luteum (secreted) Ovary/Placenta (synthesized) Maintains female secondary characteristics (endometrium) Stim by LH and FSH Death of Corpus Luteum Progesterone & Corpus Luteum (secreted) Ovary/Placenta (synthesized) Promotes growth/maintenance of endometrium in endometrial walls Stim by LH and FSH Death of Corpus Luteum Human Chorionic Ganadotropin Corpus Luteum (secreted) Blastocyst and Placenta (synthesized) Preserves corpus luteum and maintains preg Stim during 1st trimester Inhib by 2nd trimester/secretion by placenta Melatonin Pineal Gland Brain Unclear/Maybe Circadian rhythms Stim by light & dark cycles in environment Atrial Natriuretic hormone Heart Involved with osmoregulation of the kidney Thymosin Thymus (secreted) Thymus gland (synthesized) Stimulates T lymphocyte development Stim in childhood Inhib by adulthood Acetylcholine Nervous system Motor Neurons, para and sympathetic nerves Neurotransmitter Stim by aceylcholinesterase Not inhib Amylase Mouth and Pancreas Starches -> Maltose