MDC 2 Exam 1 (Knight-Rasmussen) Questions And
Answers Solved 100% Correct!!
What are the stages of cell growth in cancer development?
1. Initiation
2. Promotion
3. Progression
4. Metastasis
What happens during Initiation phase during cancer cell growth?
normal cells become damaged and leads to development of cancer (Malignant
Transformation)
this is irreversible
What happens during the promotion stage during cancer cell growth?
-repeat exposure to carcinogen enhances cell growth which leads to mutation
-enhanced cell growth of cells by promotors (like hormones primarily estrogen)
-period between initiation and growth into a tumor is called a latency period
What happens during the progression stage of cancer cell growth?
-An increase in the production of malignant cells
-after a tumor reach 1 cm, it already has 1 billion cells
-when it builds its own blood supply it becomes a health problem
What happens during the Metastasis stage of cancer cell growth?
-movement of cells from the primary site and establishing remote colonies
Malignant vs. Benign
Malignant
-Anaplasia-loss of appearance of parent cell
-A larger nuclear-to-cytoplasmic ration
-Specific functions are lost-serve NO purpose
-Loose adherence-loosely bound due to the lack fo fibronectin production
-migration-spreads easily (metastasis)
-Contact inhibition does not occurs
-Rapid or continuous cell division
-Aneuploidy: Abnormal Chromosomes
Benign (SASTNOE)
-specific morphology
-a smaller nuclear-to-cytoplasm ration
-specific differentiated function
-Tight adherence, bind closely together due to production of fibronectin
-No migration
-Orderly growth
-Euploidy: Normal chromosomes per cell
Which cancers arise from blood?
Leukemias
Which cancers affect the lymph?
Lymphomas
, Which cancers originate in the epithelial cells and are likely to metastasize?
Carcinomas
Which cancers originate in the soft tissues like bone, muscles, blood vessels,
and connecting tissues?
Sarcomas
Signs & Symptoms of cancer
C-change in bowel or bladder habits
A-a sore that does not heal
U-unusual bleeding or discharge
T-Thickening or lump in breast/elsewhere
I-indigestion or difficulty swallowing
O-obvious change in wart or mole
N-nagging cough or hoarseness
Staging of Cancer
The exact location of the tumor is designated by T, N, or M.
T meaning tumor, N meaning lymph node involvement, and M equaling
Metastasis
Cancer Prevention
healthy lifestyle, early detection, know your genetic risks
If you have a PT who has a family hx of colon cancer, what would you
recommend?
colonoscopy (secondary prevention)
primary prevention of cancer
smoking cessation
vaccinations
removal of at-risk tissue
use of sunscreen
using PPE in workplace
reducing alcohol
modifying diet
chemoprevention
secondary prevention
cancer screenings (mammogram, colonoscopy)
genetic testing
Risk factors of cancer
-smoking
-consuming carcinogens: flavorings, red meats, nitrites, diets low in fiber
-poor immunity
-radiation
-hormone drugs
-alcohol
-improper sun protection
-Age
What is the single most important risk factor for cancer?
Age
Answers Solved 100% Correct!!
What are the stages of cell growth in cancer development?
1. Initiation
2. Promotion
3. Progression
4. Metastasis
What happens during Initiation phase during cancer cell growth?
normal cells become damaged and leads to development of cancer (Malignant
Transformation)
this is irreversible
What happens during the promotion stage during cancer cell growth?
-repeat exposure to carcinogen enhances cell growth which leads to mutation
-enhanced cell growth of cells by promotors (like hormones primarily estrogen)
-period between initiation and growth into a tumor is called a latency period
What happens during the progression stage of cancer cell growth?
-An increase in the production of malignant cells
-after a tumor reach 1 cm, it already has 1 billion cells
-when it builds its own blood supply it becomes a health problem
What happens during the Metastasis stage of cancer cell growth?
-movement of cells from the primary site and establishing remote colonies
Malignant vs. Benign
Malignant
-Anaplasia-loss of appearance of parent cell
-A larger nuclear-to-cytoplasmic ration
-Specific functions are lost-serve NO purpose
-Loose adherence-loosely bound due to the lack fo fibronectin production
-migration-spreads easily (metastasis)
-Contact inhibition does not occurs
-Rapid or continuous cell division
-Aneuploidy: Abnormal Chromosomes
Benign (SASTNOE)
-specific morphology
-a smaller nuclear-to-cytoplasm ration
-specific differentiated function
-Tight adherence, bind closely together due to production of fibronectin
-No migration
-Orderly growth
-Euploidy: Normal chromosomes per cell
Which cancers arise from blood?
Leukemias
Which cancers affect the lymph?
Lymphomas
, Which cancers originate in the epithelial cells and are likely to metastasize?
Carcinomas
Which cancers originate in the soft tissues like bone, muscles, blood vessels,
and connecting tissues?
Sarcomas
Signs & Symptoms of cancer
C-change in bowel or bladder habits
A-a sore that does not heal
U-unusual bleeding or discharge
T-Thickening or lump in breast/elsewhere
I-indigestion or difficulty swallowing
O-obvious change in wart or mole
N-nagging cough or hoarseness
Staging of Cancer
The exact location of the tumor is designated by T, N, or M.
T meaning tumor, N meaning lymph node involvement, and M equaling
Metastasis
Cancer Prevention
healthy lifestyle, early detection, know your genetic risks
If you have a PT who has a family hx of colon cancer, what would you
recommend?
colonoscopy (secondary prevention)
primary prevention of cancer
smoking cessation
vaccinations
removal of at-risk tissue
use of sunscreen
using PPE in workplace
reducing alcohol
modifying diet
chemoprevention
secondary prevention
cancer screenings (mammogram, colonoscopy)
genetic testing
Risk factors of cancer
-smoking
-consuming carcinogens: flavorings, red meats, nitrites, diets low in fiber
-poor immunity
-radiation
-hormone drugs
-alcohol
-improper sun protection
-Age
What is the single most important risk factor for cancer?
Age
