TEST BANK UNDERSTANDING PATHOPHYSIOLOGY, 5TH EDITION HUETHER AND MCCANCE

TEST BANK UNDERSTANDING PATHOPHYSIOLOGY, 5TH EDITION HUETHER AND MCCANCE Table of Contents Chapter 01: Cellular Biology ...................................................................................................................................... 2 Chapter 02: Genes and Genetic Diseases Test Bank ................................................................................................. 18 Chapter 03: Altered Cellular and Tissue Biology ....................................................................................................... 33 Chapter 04: Fluids and Electrolytes, Acids and Bases ............................................................................................... 49 Chapter 05: Innate Immunity: Inflammation and Wound Healing .............................................................................. 64 Chapter 06: Adaptive Immunity ............................................................................................................................... 82 Chapter 07: Infection and Defects in Mechanisms of Defense ................................................................................... 95 Chapter 08: Stress and Disease ............................................................................................................................ 114 Chapter 09: Biology, Clinical Manifestations, and Treatment of Cancer ................................................................... 121 Chapter 10: Cancer Epidemiology ......................................................................................................................... 128 Chapter 11: Cancer in Children ............................................................................................................................. 135 Chapter 12: Structure and Function of the Neurologic System ................................................................................ 140 Chapter 13: Pain, Temperature, Sleep, and ............................................................................................................ 157 Chapter 15: Disorders of the Central and Peripheral Nervous Systems and the Neuromuscular Junction ................. 189 Chapter 16: Alterations of Neurologic Function in Children ..................................................................................... 212 Chapter 17: Mechanisms of Hormonal Regulation .................................................................................................. 224 Chapter 18: Alterations of Hormonal Regulation ..................................................................................................... 239 Chapter 19: Structure and Function of the Hematologic System ............................................................................. 261 Chapter 20: Alterations of Hematologic Function ................................................................................................... 273 Chapter 21: Alterations of Hematologic Function in Children .................................................................................. 299 Chapter 23: Alterations of Cardiovascular ............................................................................................................. 337 Chapter 24: Alterations of Cardiovascular ............................................................................................................. 370 Chapter 25: Structure and Function of the Pulmonary System................................................................................. 382 Chapter 26: Alterations of Pulmonary Function ...................................................................................................... 395 Chapter 27: Alterations of Pulmonary Function in Children ..................................................................................... 419 Chapter 28: Structure and Function of the Renal and Urologic Systems .................................................................. 431 Chapter 29: Alterations of Renal and Urinary Tract Function ................................................................................... 444 Chapter 30: Alterations of Renal and Urinary Tract Function in Children .................................................................. 458 Chapter 31: Structure and Function of the Reproductive Systems ........................................................................... 467 Chapter 32: Alterations of the Reproductive Systems Including Sexually Transmitted Infections .............................. 481 Chapter 33: Structure and Function of the Digestive System ................................................................................... 496 1 | P a g eChapter 34: Alterations of Digestive Function ........................................................................................................ 509 Chapter 35: Alterations of Digestive Function in Children ....................................................................................... 535 Chapter 36: Structure and Function of the Musculoskeletal System ........................................................................ 549 Chapter 37: Alterations of Musculoskeletal ........................................................................................................... 564 Chapter 38: Alterations of Musculoskeletal Function in Children ............................................................................ 581 Chapter 39: Structure, Function, and Disorders of the Integument .......................................................................... 590 Chapter 40: Alterations of the Integument in Children ............................................................................................ 607 Chapter 01: Cellular Biology MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. A student is observing a cell under the microscope. It is observed to have supercoiled DNA with histones. Which of the following would also be observed by the student? a. b. c. A single circular chromosome A nucleus ANS: B The cell described is a eukaryotic cell, so it has histones and a supercoiled DNA within its nucleus; thus, the nucleus should be observed. A single circular chromosome is characteristic of prokaryotic cells, which do not have histones. Free-floating nuclear material describes a prokaryotic cell, which would not have a distinct nucleus. Eukaryotic cells have membrane bounded cellular components called organelles. No organelles describes a prokaryotic cell. REF: p. 2 2. A nurse is instructing the staff about cellular functions. Which cellular function is the nurse describing when an isolated cell absorbs oxygen and uses it to transform nutrients to energy? Free-floating nuclear material d. No organelles a. b. c. d. Metabolic absorption Communication Secretion Respiration ANS: D The ability of the cell to absorb oxygen refers to the cell’s function of respiration. The ability of the cell to function within a society of cells refers to its function of communication. 2 | P a g eThe ability of the cell to take in nutrients refers to the cell’s function of metabolic absorption. The ability of the cell to synthesize new substances and secrete these elsewhere refers to the cell’s function of secretion. REF: p. 3 3. A eukaryotic cell is undergoing DNA replication. In which region of the cell would most of the genetic information be contained? a. b. c. d. ANS: C The region of the cell that contains genetic material, including a large amount of ribonucleic acid, most of the DNA, and DNA-binding proteins, is the nucleolus. The mitochondria is the site of cellular respiration. The ribosomes are involved in manufacturing of proteins within the cell. The nucleus contains the nucleolus, and it is the nucleolus that contains genetic material. REF: p. 5 4. The fluid mosaic model for biologic membranes describes membrane behavior. According to this model, which of the following float singly or as aggregates in the fluid lipid bilayer? Mitochondria Ribosome Nucleolus Nucleus a. b. c. d. Peripheral membrane proteins Integral membrane proteins Glycoproteins Cell adhesion molecules ANS: B Integral membrane proteins float freely in the fluid lipid bilayer. Peripheral membrane proteins are not embedded in the layer, but reside at the surface. Glycoproteins act as cell surface markers. Cell adhesion molecules are on the outside of the membrane and allow cells to hook together. REF: p. 6 5. Which of the following can bind to plasma membrane receptors? a. Oxygen b. c. d. ANS: D 3 | P a g e Ribosomes Amphipathic lipids LigandsLigands are specific molecules that can bind with receptors on the cell membrane. Oxygen moves by diffusion; it does not bind to receptors. Ribosomes make proteins and are not involved in binding. Amphipathic lipids are a portion of the cell membrane. REF: p. 11 6. A nurse is reviewing a report from a patient with metastatic cancer. What finding would support the diagnosis of metastatic cancer? Alterations in extracellular matrix that include: a. b. c. d. Decreased fibronectin Increased collagen Decreased elastin Increased glycoproteins ANS: A Reduced amounts of fibronectin are found in some types of cancerous cells, allowing cancer cells to travel, or metastasize. Collagen provides strength, and its breakdown is associated with osteoarthritis, not cancer. Elastin is found in the lungs and allows tissues to stretch; it is not associated with cancerous cells. Decreased, not increased, glycoproteins are associated with cancerous cells. REF: p. 8 7. Which form of cell communication is used to relate to other cells in direct physical contact? 4 | P a g ea. b. c. d. Cell junction Gap junction Desmosomes Tight junctions ANS: A Cell junctions hold cells together and permit molecules to pass from cell to cell. Gap junctions allow communication from the inside of one cell to the inside of another. Desmosomes are not involved in communication, but allow cells to hold together. Tight junctions are barriers that prevent movement of some substances and leakages of others. REF: p. 9 8. Pancreatic beta cells secrete insulin, which inhibits secretion of glucagon from neighboring alpha cells. This action is an example of which of the following signaling types? a. b. c. Paracrine Autocrine ANS: A Paracrine signaling involves the release of local chemical mediators that are quickly taken up, destroyed, or immobilized, as in the case of insulin and the inhibition of the secretion of glucagon. When cells produce signals that they themselves respond to, autocrine signaling is used. Neurohormonal signaling involves secretion of hormones into the bloodstream by neurosecretory hormones. Hormonal signaling involves specialized endocrine cells that secrete hormone chemicals released by one set of cells that travel through the tissue through the bloodstream to produce a response in other sets of cells. REF: p. 11 9. In cellular metabolism, each enzyme has a high affinity for a: Neurohormonal d. Hormonal 5 | P a g ea. b. c. d. Solute Substrate Receptor Ribosome ANS: B Each enzyme has a high affinity for a substrate, a specific substance converted to a product of the reaction. Solutes are small particles that pass through the cell membrane. A receptor is a site on the cell wall that allows transport into the cell. Ribosomes are located inside the cell and are not related to the work of enzymes. REF: p. 13 10. An athlete runs a marathon, after which his muscles feel fatigued and unable to contract. The athlete asks the nurse why this happened. How should the nurse respond? A deficiency in can cause impaired muscle contraction. a. b. c. d. GTP AMP ATP GMP ANS: C The cell uses ATP for muscle contraction. when it is deficient, impaired muscle contraction results. GTP is involved in cell signaling, not muscle contraction. AMP is not involved in muscle contraction. GMP is not involved in muscle contraction. REF: p. 13 11. Which phase of catabolism produces the most ATP? a. Digestion b. c. d. Glycolysis Oxidation Citric acid cycle ANS: D Most of the ATP is generated during the citric acid cycle. Larger molecules are broken down into smaller units during digestion; no ATP is produced during this cycle. During glycolysis, two molecules of ATP are produced from each glucose molecule, but the most ATP is produced during the citric acid cycle. 6 | P a g eOxidation is part of the glycolysis process and ATP is produced, but more ATP is produced during the citric acid cycle. REF: p. 13 12. A nurse is teaching the staff about the three phases of cellular catabolism. Which of the following should the nurse include? a. b. c. d. Digestion, glycolysis and oxidation, and the citric acid cycle Diffusion, osmosis, and mediated transport S phase, G phase, and M phase ANS: A Digestion, glycolysis and oxidation, and the citric acid cycle are the three phases of cellular catabolism. Diffusion, osmosis, and mediated transport are parts of the movement of fluids in and out of cells. The S, G, and M phases are phases of cellular division, not catabolism. Metabolic absorption, respiration, and excretion are functions of the cell. REF: p. 13 13. A runner has depleted all the oxygen available for muscle energy. Which of the following will facilitate his continued muscle performance? Metabolic absorption, respiration, and excretion a. b. c. d. Electron-transport chain Aerobic glycolysis Anaerobic glycolysis Oxidative phosphorylation ANS: C When no oxygen is available, anaerobic glycolysis occurs. The electron-transport chain is part of the citric acid cycle. Aerobic glycolysis involves the presence of oxygen. Oxidative phosphorylation is the mechanism by which the energy produced from carbohydrates, fats, and proteins is transferred to ATP. It is not part of muscle performance. REF: p. 14 14. The faculty member asked the student to identify the appropriate term for the movement of small, electrically uncharged molecules through a semipermeable barrier. Which answer indicates the nursing student understood the teaching? a. b. c. ANS: B d. 7 | P a g e Osmosis Diffusion Hydrostatic pressure Active transportDiffusion is the movement of a solute molecule from an area of greater solute concentration to an area of lesser solute concentration. Osmosis is the movement of water across a semipermeable membrane from a region of higher water concentration to one of lower concentration. Hydrostatic pressure is the force of fluid against a cell membrane. Within the vascular system, this pressure is the blood pressure. In active transport, molecules move up a concentration gradient. This process requires energy. REF: p. 15 15. A nurse is teaching a patient about fluid and electrolytes. Which of the following indicates the teaching was successful regarding electrolytes? Electrolytes are: a. b. c. d. Small lipid-soluble molecules Large protein molecules Micronutrients used to produce ATP Electrically charged molecules ANS: D Electrolytes are electrically charged molecules. Electrolytes are not lipid soluble. Electrolytes are not made up of protein. Electrolytes do not have a role in the production of ATP. REF: p. 15 16. A nurse is reading a chart and sees the term oncotic pressure. The nurse recalls that oncotic pressure (colloid osmotic pressure) is determined by: Concentration of sodium a. b. c. d. Plasma proteins Hydrostatic pressure ANS: B Oncotic pressure is determined by the effect of colloids or plasma proteins. The concentration of sodium plays a role in tonicity. Hydrostatic pressure is the force within a vessel. Membrane transporter proteins are involved in active transport within a concentration gradient. REF: p. 16 17. A patient has a body fluid of 300 mOsm/kg. This lab result is measuring: a. Availability of membrane transporter proteins Osmolality b. 8 | P a g e Osmolarityb. c. d. c. d. Osmotic pressure Cholesterol decreases the membrane fluidity of erythrocytes, which reduces its ability to c Cholesterol increases the membrane fluidity of erythrocytes, which allows binding of exce ANS: A Osmolality measures the number of milliosmoles per kilogram of water, or the concentration of molecules per weight of water. Osmolarity measures the number of milliosmoles per liter of solution, or the concentration of molecules per volume of solution. Osmotic pressure is the amount of hydrostatic pressure required to oppose the osmotic movement of water. Oncotic pressure is from plasma proteins, not body fluids. REF: p. 16 Cholesterol increases the membrane fluidity of erythrocytes, which prolongs its life span b Oncotic pressure 18. In teaching a patient with cirrhosis, which information should the nurse include regarding cholesterol? a. Cholesterol decreases the membrane fluidity of the erythrocyte, which reduces its ability t ANS: A In cirrhosis, the cholesterol content of the red blood cell’s plasma membrane increases, causing a decrease in membrane fluidity that seriously affects the cell’s ability to transport oxygen. In cirrhosis, for example, the cholesterol content of the red blood cell’s plasma membrane increases, causing a decrease in membrane fluidity that seriously affects the cell’s ability to transport oxygen, not hemoglobin; the hemoglobin carries the oxygen. In cirrhosis, for example, the cholesterol content of the red blood cell’s plasma membrane increases, causing a decrease in membrane fluidity that seriously affects the cell’s ability to transport oxygen; it does not bind excess glucose. In cirrhosis, for example, the cholesterol content of the red blood cell’s plasma membrane increases, causing a decrease in membrane fluidity that seriously affects the cell’s ability to transport oxygen. It does not prolong the life of the RBC and could decrease it. REF: p. 7 19. A nurse is discussing the movement of fluid across the arterial end of capillary membranes into the interstitial fluid surrounding the capillary. Which process of fluid movement is the nurse describing? a. b. 9 | P a g e c. d. Hydrostatic pressure Osmosis Diffusion Active transportANS: A Blood reaching the capillary bed has a hydrostatic pressure of 25 to 30 mm Hg, which is sufficient force to push water across the thin capillary membranes into the interstitial space. Osmosis involves the movement of fluid from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration. It does not involve pressure or force. It is related to hydrostatic pressure. Diffusion is the passive movement of a solute from an area of higher solute concentration to an area of lower solute concentration. Active transport involves movement up a concentration gradient. REF: p. 16 20. A patient who has diarrhea receives a hypertonic saline solution intravenously to replace the sodium and chloride lost in the stool. What effect will this fluid replacement have on cells? a. b. c. Cells will become hydrated. Cells will swell or burst. ANS: C The hypertonic saline will cause fluid to leave the intracellular space and enter the vascular space, causing cells to shrink. Intravenous hypertonic solutions lead to cell dehydration. Intravenous hypertonic solutions cause fluid to leave cells; thus, they would shrink, not swell. Intravenous hypertonic solutions do not affect cellular division. REF: p. 17 Cells will shrink. d. Cells will divide. 21. A nurse is teaching a patient with diabetes how glucose is transported from the blood to the cell. What type of transport system should the nurse discuss with the patient? a. b. c. d. Active-mediated transport (active transport) Active diffusion Passive osmosis Passive-mediated transport (facilitated diffusion) ANS: D A well-known passive-mediated transport system is that for glucose in erythrocytes (red blood cells). The transport of glucose does not require energy, so active-mediated transport is not correct. The transport of glucose does not require energy, so active diffusion is not correct. Osmosis involves the movement of water. REF: p. 17 10 | P a g e22. How are potassium and sodium transported across plasma membranes? a. By passive electrolyte channels b. c. d. By coupled channels By adenosine triphosphate enzyme (ATPase) By diffusion ANS: C A “carrier” mechanism in the plasma membrane mediates the transport of ions and nutrients. The best-known pump is the Na+-K+–dependent ATPase pump. Electrolyte movements require energy and do not move passively. Enzymes, not electrolytes, are passed via coupled channels. Electrolytes are not transported by diffusion. REF: p. 17 23. Why is potassium able to diffuse easily in and out of cells? a. Because potassium has a greater concentration in the intracellular fluid (ICF) b. c. d. Because sodium has a greater concentration in the extracellular fluid (ECF) Because the resting plasma membrane is more permeable to potassium Because there is an excess of anions inside the cell ANS: C The resting membrane is more permeable to potassium because potassium is more easily transported inward. Potassium is greater in concentration in the ICF, but this is not why it is transported more easily. Sodium does have a greater concentration, but this is not why potassium moves easily when the membrane potential is at rest. It is cations, not anions, that are involved in membrane potential activity. REF: p. 18 24. The ion transporter that moves Na+ and Ca2+ simultaneously in the same direction is an example of which of the following types of transport? a. Biport b. Uniport 11 | P a g ec. d. Antiport Symport ANS: D When ions are transported in one direction, it is termed symport. There is no such term as biport. Uniport refers to the movement of a single molecule. Antiport refers to movement of molecules in the opposite direction. REF: p. 17 25. During which process can lysosomal enzymes be released to degrade engulfed particles? a. b. c. ANS: C Engulfment of particles occurs by phagocytosis. Endocytosis involves the formation of vesicles to facilitate movement into the cell. Pinocytosis is a type of endocytosis in which fluids and solute molecules are ingested through formation of small vesicles. Exocytosis occurs when coated pits invaginate and internalize ligand-receptor complexes in coated vesicles. REF: p. 20 26. A nurse is teaching the staff about cholesterol. Which information should be taught? The cellular uptake of cholesterol depends on: Endocytosis Pinocytosis Phagocytosis d. Exocytosis a. b. c. d. Active-mediated transport The antiport system Receptor-mediated endocytosis Passive transport ANS: C The cellular uptake of cholesterol depends on receptor-mediated endocytosis. The cellular uptake of cholesterol depends on receptor-mediated endocytosis; it is not dependent on active-mediated transport. The cellular uptake of cholesterol depends on receptor-mediated endocytosis; it is not a part of the antiport system. The cellular uptake of cholesterol depends on receptor-mediated endocytosis; it requires energy and is not passive in transport. REF: p. 20 12 | P a g e27. Some cancer drugs work during the cell cycle phase where nuclear and cytoplasmic division occurs. What is this cell cycle phase called? a. b. c. G1 S M ANS: C The M phase includes both nuclear and cytoplasmic division. The G1 phase includes the period between the M phase and the start of DNA synthesis. The S phase include synthesis of DNA in the cell nucleus. The G2 phase includes RNA and protein synthesis. REF: p. 23 28. What causes the rapid change in the resting membrane potential that initiates an action potential? d. G2 a. b. c. d. Potassium gates open, and potassium rushes into the cell, changing the membrane potentia to positive. Sodium gates open, and sodium rushes into the cell, changing the membrane potential fro positive. Sodium gates close, allowing potassium into the cell to change the membrane potential fro negative. Potassium gates close, allowing sodium into the cell to change the membrane potential fro negative. ANS: B When the threshold is reached, the cell will continue to depolarize with no further stimulation. The sodium gates open, and sodium rushes into the cell, causing the membrane potential to reduce to zero and then become positive (depolarization). Sodium is involved in creating the action potential, not potassium. The sodium gate must be open, not closed. The sodium channel must be open; this is not affected by a change in the potassium gate. REF: p. 21 29. A cell is isolated, and electrophysiology studies reveal that the resting membrane potential is –70 millivolts. The predominant intracellular ion is Na+, and the predominant extracellular ion is K+. With voltage change, which of the following would result in an action potential? a. b. 13 | P a g e c. d. K+ rushing into the cell Na+ rushing into the cell Na+ rushing out of the cell K+ rushing out of the cellANS: A With voltage change, potassium rushes into the cell. Potassium, not sodium, rushes into the cell. Potassium, not sodium, is involved in the process, and potassium moves into the cells, not out. Potassium rushes into the cell, not out. REF: p. 22 30. A nurse is teaching the staff about platelet-derived growth factor. Which information should the nurse include? Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) stimulates the production of: a. b. c. d. Platelets Epidermal cells Connective tissue cells Fibroblast cells ANS: C Different types of cells require different growth factors; for example, PDGF stimulates the production of connective tissue cells. The factor stimulates the production of connective tissue, not platelets. The factor stimulates the production of connective tissue, not epidermal cells. The factor stimulates the production of connective tissue, not fibroblast cells. REF: p. 24 31. The phase of the cell cycle during which the centromeres split and the sister chromatids are pulled apart is referred to as: a. b. c. d. Anaphase Telophase Prophase ANS: A Anaphase begins when the centromeres split and the sister chromatids are pulled apart. During telophase, the final stage, a new nuclear membrane is formed around each group of 46 chromosomes, the spindle fibers disappear, and the chromosomes begin to uncoil. During prophase, the first appearance of chromosomes occurs. Metaphase occurs when two centrioles located at opposite poles of the cell pull the chromosomes to opposite sides of the cell. REF: p. 23 32. What is the role of cytokines in cell reproduction? Metaphase 14 | P a g ea. b. c. d. Provide growth factor for tissue growth and development Block progress of cell reproduction through the cell cycle Restrain cell growth and development Provide nutrients for cell growth and development ANS: A Cytokines play a major role in the regulation of tissue growth and development. Cytokines help overcome intracellular braking mechanisms that restrain cell growth. Cytokines promote cell growth, not restrain it. Cytokines regulate growth; they do not provide nutrients. REF: p. 23 33. A biopsy of the lung bronchi revealed ciliated epithelial cells that are capable of secretion and absorption. These cells are called columnar epithelium. a. b. Simple Ciliated simple 15 | P a g ec. d. Stratified Pseudostratified ciliated ANS: B Ciliated simple columnar epithelium