Cell Biology Macromolecules Questions and Answers Already Passed

Cell Biology Macromolecules Questions and Answers Already Passed What are the four main macromolecules? Lipids, Proteins, Carbohydrates, and Nucleic Acids What three of the four main macromolecules are made from monomers? Proteins, Carbohydrates, and Nucleic Acids What is a dehydration reaction? It is when a water molecule is taken away, in order to form a new bond (synthesizing a polymer). What is hydrolysis? It is when a water molecule is added, in order to break a bond (breaking down a polymer). Which macromolecule encodes proteins? Nucleic acids What are the 6 roles of a carbohydrate in a cell? Chemical energy, energy storage, structural support, raw materials for the synthesis of of macromolecules, and at cell surface: cell identification and cell-cell signaling. What are the three different forms of -saccharides? Monosaccharides, Oligosaccharides, Polysaccharides What is the structure of a carbohydrate? Many C-H bonds, two functional groups: carbonyl group and several hydroxyl groups What are the 7 functional groups important for life? Hydroxyl, Carbonyl, Carboxyl, Phosphate, Methyl, Amino, Sulfhydryl What are the two types of carbohydrates? Aldehyde and Ketose Sugars What is the difference between a aldose and ketose sugar? Aldose: Carbonyl group at the end of the carbon chain Ketose: Carbonyl group in the middle of the carbon chain Are glucose and galactose ketose or aldose sugars? Why? ketose because their carbonyl groups are in the middle of their carbon chains What is the difference between glucose and galactose? Glucose is easily used as a source of energy while galactose is not because of the arrangement of the carbonyl group. What are the two shapes that a sugar can have? linear or ring structures What is the difference between the Alpha and Beta forms of glucose? Alpha: the hydroxyl group (-OH) is below the ring Beta: the hydroxyl group (-OH) is above the ring Which form (Alpha or Beta) is the most common/stable? Beta form What is the difference between oligosaccharides and polysaccharides? Oligo: 2-10 monosaccharides linked together Poly: >10 monosaccharides linked together What are glycosidic linkages? the covalent bonds that link monosaccharides together as a result of condensation reactions Between what groups do glycosidic linkages connect? Between hydroxyl groups (-OH) What does maltose consist of? a disaccharide made up of two glucose molecules what type of glycosidic linkage is maltose? alpha-1,4 what type of glycosidic linkage is lactose? beta-1,4 What are the functions of the molecules that have alpha glycosidic linkages? energy storage What are the functions of the molecules that have beta glycosidic linkages? structural molecules Which is easier for enzymes to break, alpha or beta glycosidic linkage? alpha What type of linkage is in glucose? alpha What types of monomers make up starch and what shape do they form? glucose monomers, helix What is starch a mixture of? Amylose and Amylopectin What is starch's function? energy storage in plants what type of glycosidic linkages does glycogen have? alpha What is glycogen's function? Energy storage in animal cells Which is more branched, glycogen or starch? glycogen What types of monomers make of glycogen and what shape do they make? glucose monomers, helix Which is more branched, amylose or amylopectin? amylopectin what advantages does the branching of glycogen give it over starch as a storage form of glucose? it is more soluble and the exposure of more C4 ends means that glycogen can be both synthesized and degraded more quickly What is the most abundant material on the planet? cellulose Where is cellulose found? in the cell walls of plants and microorganisms What type of glycosidic linkage is found in cellulose? Beta What type of glycosidic linkage is found in chitin? Beta Where is chitin found? in the cell walls of fungi and exoskeletons of insects What type of monomers is chitin made of? N- acetylglucosamine (Nac) What type of glycosidic linkage is found in Peptidoglycan? Beta What are the polysaccharide polymers in peptidoglycan linked by? amino acid chains Where is peptidoglycan found? bacterial cell walls What are glycoproteins? molecules that protrude from the cell membrane that act as labels that can be recognized by other cells/molecules What is a glycoprotein made up of? a protein and a oligosaccharide What defines the role of a polysaccharide? the orientation of glycosidic linkages