UNE PATHOPHYSIOLOGY MIDTERM EXAM QUESTIONS WITH VERIFIED SOLUTIONS

Differentiate health from disease. Health is a state of complete physical, mental, and social wellbeing. Not merely the absence of disease. Define homeostasis The purposeful maintenance of a stable internal environment. What are the aspects of the disease process? Definition, Etiology, Pathogenesis, Morphologic changes, Clinical manifestations, Diagnosis, Clinical course, Prognosis Define stress A state manifested by symptoms that arise from the coordinated activation of the neuroendocrine and immune systems Factors that affect adaptation to stress *Age *Health Status *Psychosocial Resources *Availability of adaptive responses and ability of the body to select the most appropriate response What is the first stage of the General Adaptation Mechanism? Alarm What is the second stage of the General Adaptation Mechanism? Resistance What is the third stage of the General Adaptation Mechanism? Exhaustion Define cellular adaptation Cells adapting to changes in the internal environment What is a decrease in cell size? Atrophy What is an increase in cell size? Hypertrophy What is an increase in the number of cells? Hyperplasia What is a change in form/replacement of adult cells? Metaplasia What is an abnormal cell growth of a specific tissue? Dysplasia What is a loss of cell differentiation in cancerous tissues? Anaplasia What are causes of cellular injury? *Physical Agents *Radiation Injury *Chemical Injury *Biological Agents *Nutritional Imbalances What is apoptosis? Programmed cell death What is necrosis? Cell death in an organ or tissues that is still part of a living person What is neoplasia? Disorder of altered cell differentiation and growth Define Adenoma Benign tumor of granular epithelial tissue Define Adenocarcinoma Malignant tumor of granular epithelial tissue Deine Carcinoma Malignant tumor of the epithelial tissue Define Osteoma Benign tumor of the bone tissue Define Sarcoma Malignant tumor of the connective tissue cells Characteristics of benign neoplasms *slow, progressive rate of growth *Inability to metasize to distant sites *Well-differentitated cells that resemble the cells of the tissue of orgin Characteristics of malignant neoplasms *Rapid growth and wide spread *potential to kill regardless of original location *tend to compress blood vessels and outgrow their blood supply *rob normal tissues of essential nutrients Etiology of Cancer *Heredity *Hormones *Carcinogens *Oncogenic Viruses *Immunologic Mechanisms Clinical Manifestations of Cancer *Tissue Integrity *Cancer Cachexia *Paraneoplastic Syndromes Define tissue integrity Compressed and eroded blood vessels; ulcerations and necrosis; frank bleeding and hemorrhage Define cancer cachexia Weight loss and wasting body fat and muscle tissue; profound weakness, anorexia, and anemia Define paraneoplastic syndromes Inappropriate hormone release, circulating hematopoietic, neurological and derma logical factors Diagnostic measures for cancer *Lab Tests *Tumor Markers *Staging and grading of tumors *Screening for early detection Define acute inflammation Relatively short duration; nonspecific early response to injury Define chronic inflammation Longer duration lasting for days to years; recurrent or progressive acute inflammatory process What is a primary immunodeficiency state? Congenital or inherited What is a secondary immunodeficiency state? Acquired later on in life What are the four types of hypersensitivity disorders? Type 1: IgE-Mediated Type 2: Antibody-Mediated Type 3: Complement-Mediated Type 4: T-cell-Mediated Explain Atopic IgE-Mediated disorders Heredity predisposition; local reaction to common environmental agents, allergic rhinitis, food allergies Explain Nonatopic IgE-Mediated disorders Lack the genetic component and organ specificity of the atopic disorders What is Systemic Lupus Erythematosus? Autoimmune disease caused when the immune system attacks its own tissues What is Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia? Autoimmune disease that occurs when the body destroys red blood cells faster than it makes them What is Pemphigus Vulgaris? Autoimmune disease where blisters of varying sizes break out on the skin and the lining of the mouth What is Hashimoto Thyroiditis? Autoimmune disease where the immune system attacks the thyroid What are the disorders of motor function? Upper and Lower Motorneuron Lesions Explain Upper Motorneuron Lesions Can involve the motor cortex, the internal capsule, or other brain structures through the spinal cord Define Lower Motorneuron Lesions Disrupt communication between muscle and all neural input from spinal cord reflexes, including the stretch reflex which maintains muscle tone Define Myasthenia Gravis Disorder of transmission at the neuromuscular junction Define Parkinsons Disease A degenerative disorder of basal ganglia function that results in variable combinations of tremor, rigidity, and bradykinesia Define Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) Devastating neurological disorder that selectively affects motor function Define Multiple Sclerosis (MS) Common demyelinating disease of the central nervous system