METEOROLOGY
Summary / Notes
, Table of contents
Section 1 - Basics
The Atmosphere… ...................................................................... 2
Wind .......................................................................................... 3
Thermodynamics… ..................................................................... 5
Clouds and Fog .......................................................................... 6
Precipitation ............................................................................. 9
Air masses… ............................................................................. 10
Frontal systems ....................................................................... 11
Pressure systems… ................................................................... 12
Climatology… ........................................................................... 13
Section 2 – Flight Hazards
Icing… ...................................................................................... 15
Turbulence .............................................................................. 16
Wind shear… ............................................................................17
Thunderstorms ........................................................................ 17
Tornadoes… ............................................................................ 18
Mountainous areas…................................................................ 19
Visibility-reducing phenomena… ..............................................19
Section 4 – Meteorological information
Observation ............................................................................ 20
Weather charts ........................................................................ 22
Information for flight planning… .............................................. 24
Meteorological services… ......................................................... 25
1
, Meteorology
The Atmosphere
Standard atmosphere:
-15℃
-1013,25 hPa or 29,92 in hg
-1.225 kg/m3
-ELR = 1,98 ℃ per 1000 ft
-DALR = 3 ℃ per 1000 ft
-DLR = 0,5 ℃ per 1000 ft
-Tropopause = 36090 ft / 11 km
-> Temperature = -56,5 ℃
Lapse Rate:
-MSL = 30 ft
-18000 ft/500 hPa = 50 ft
-39000 ft/200 hPa = 100 ft
Important pressure altitudes
200hPa = FL390
250hPa = FL340
300hPa = FL300
400hPa = FL240
500hPa = FL180
700hPa = FL100
850hPa = FL050
Diurnal variation
-Max temperature = 2 hours after local noon
-Max insolation = at Local noon
-Min temperature = half an hour rafter sunrise
Pressure Convert factor
-18000 ft = 50% of pressure = 500 hPa -Celsius -> Kelvin = +273
-34000 ft = 25% of pressure = 250 hPa -Meter -> Feet = x 3,28
-troposphere = 90% of water vapour -1 NM -> 1,852 km
ISO lines Height per hPa lapse rate
-Isotach = wind speeds -H = 96 x T : P
-Isobar = pressure -T = kelvin, P = hPa, H = ft/hPa
-Isohyps = height
-Isotherm = temperature
2
Summary / Notes
, Table of contents
Section 1 - Basics
The Atmosphere… ...................................................................... 2
Wind .......................................................................................... 3
Thermodynamics… ..................................................................... 5
Clouds and Fog .......................................................................... 6
Precipitation ............................................................................. 9
Air masses… ............................................................................. 10
Frontal systems ....................................................................... 11
Pressure systems… ................................................................... 12
Climatology… ........................................................................... 13
Section 2 – Flight Hazards
Icing… ...................................................................................... 15
Turbulence .............................................................................. 16
Wind shear… ............................................................................17
Thunderstorms ........................................................................ 17
Tornadoes… ............................................................................ 18
Mountainous areas…................................................................ 19
Visibility-reducing phenomena… ..............................................19
Section 4 – Meteorological information
Observation ............................................................................ 20
Weather charts ........................................................................ 22
Information for flight planning… .............................................. 24
Meteorological services… ......................................................... 25
1
, Meteorology
The Atmosphere
Standard atmosphere:
-15℃
-1013,25 hPa or 29,92 in hg
-1.225 kg/m3
-ELR = 1,98 ℃ per 1000 ft
-DALR = 3 ℃ per 1000 ft
-DLR = 0,5 ℃ per 1000 ft
-Tropopause = 36090 ft / 11 km
-> Temperature = -56,5 ℃
Lapse Rate:
-MSL = 30 ft
-18000 ft/500 hPa = 50 ft
-39000 ft/200 hPa = 100 ft
Important pressure altitudes
200hPa = FL390
250hPa = FL340
300hPa = FL300
400hPa = FL240
500hPa = FL180
700hPa = FL100
850hPa = FL050
Diurnal variation
-Max temperature = 2 hours after local noon
-Max insolation = at Local noon
-Min temperature = half an hour rafter sunrise
Pressure Convert factor
-18000 ft = 50% of pressure = 500 hPa -Celsius -> Kelvin = +273
-34000 ft = 25% of pressure = 250 hPa -Meter -> Feet = x 3,28
-troposphere = 90% of water vapour -1 NM -> 1,852 km
ISO lines Height per hPa lapse rate
-Isotach = wind speeds -H = 96 x T : P
-Isobar = pressure -T = kelvin, P = hPa, H = ft/hPa
-Isohyps = height
-Isotherm = temperature
2
