LUOA 9th grade Science Final Exam 2023 Actual Questions and Answers Solved Correctly

LUOA 9th grade Science Final Exam 2023 Actual Questions and Answers Solved Correctly Most powerful substance to hold heat in atmosphere Water vapor How does carbon get into the atmosphere? Atmospheric carbon dioxide comes from two primary sources—natural and human activities. Natural sources of carbon dioxide include most animals, which exhale carbon dioxide as a waste product. Human activities that lead to carbon dioxide emissions come primarily from energy production, including burning coal, oil, or natural gas. Different types of greenhouse gases There are several different types of greenhouse gases. The major ones are carbon dioxide, water vapor, methane, and nitrous oxide. Definition of radiation, convection, conduction Conduction is the transfer of thermal energy through direct contact. Convection is the transfer of thermal energy through the movement of a liquid or gas. Radiation is the transfer of thermal energy through thermal emission. How greenhouse gases work Solar energy absorbed at Earth's surface is radiated back into the atmosphere as heat. As the heat makes its way through the atmosphere and back out to space, greenhouse gases absorb much of it. Why do greenhouse gases absorb heat? Greenhouse gases are more complex than other gas molecules in the atmosphere, with a structure that can absorb heat. They radiate the heat back to the Earth's surface, to another greenhouse gas molecule, or out to space. Calculating dew point This can be expressed as a simple rule of thumb: For every 1 °C difference in the dew point and dry bulb temperatures, the relative humidity decreases by 5%, starting with RH = 100% when the dew point equals the dry bulb temperature. If air cools beyond its dew point and still does not condense, the air is said to be ______________ Supersaturated Water collects on dust, ash, salt, nitrate, etc. When water collects on these, they are known as: Condensation nuclei Latent heat is when __________, __________, and __________. (Choose 3) 1. Energy is being released 2. There is no temperature change during a phase change 3. Energy is being absorbed Difference between vaporization and boiling The following are the two prime differences: Evaporation is the process of a substance in a liquid state changing to a gaseous state due to an increase in temperature and/or pressure. Vaporization is also the phase change from liquid to gas state but above the boiling point of the liquid. Absolute humidity __________________ (select all that apply). - The amount of water vapor, by mass, in each cubic unit of air- Can be measured using several different types of mass ratios- Is also known as the vapor density Relative humidity is the amount of water vapor in the air, compared with the maximum amount of water vapor that the air can contain at that temperature For every ________ increase in temperature, twice as much water vapor can enter the atmosphere through evaporation. 10° The water vapor can enter the atmosphere because of what five things? wind blowing over the surface of the water, increased temperature of water, decreased pressure of water, evaporation, and transpiration The maximum amount of water vapor air can contain at a particular temperature is 20 g/kg. The formula is:relative humidity = specific humidity x 100% = maximum capacity Cold air does not contain much moisture. Choose all the reasons for this. -Cold air contracts so there is no room for the moisture-Cold air is very dense- The molecules of cold air squeezed closer together What is one relationship between warm air and humidity? Warm air expands, so there is a lot of room for moisture. In order to find the relative humidity, 1st you take the __________ between the wet-bulb and dry-bulb temperatures. ___________ the smaller number from/to the larger number. Then find the ___________. Use the dewpoint to find the _________ humidity. difference, subtract, dewpoint, relative What is the lifted condensation level? The lifted condensation level is the point of height where the dew point is the same as the surrounding temperature. Higher clouds have more of an effect than low clouds. Where on a cloud is where the temperature has reached its dew point? on the bottom of the cloud Cloud albedo forcing ___________________. (Choose 3) cools the earth, bounces shortwave radiation back into space, can cause a change in the climate of the earth. ___________________. (Choose 3) cools the earth, bounces shortwave radiation back into space, can cause a change in the climate of the earth. Higher clouds have more of an effect than low clouds. They let _______ energy in, but do not give off a lot of heat because they are very _______ themselves. heat, cold At what temperature do clouds contain snow and ice crystals? 8 degrees Celsius - -20 degrees Celsius Cumuliform a massive, rounded form often with a flat base, billowing upwards Stratiform gray sheets that cover large areas, not distinct cloud units nimboform A nimbostratus cloud is a multi-level, gray, often dark, amorphous, nearly uniform cloud that usually produces continuous rain, snow, or sleet but no lightning or thunder. Mid-level clouds include: (Select all that apply) Lenticular Altocumulus Altostratus The high-level clouds include: (Select all that apply) Cirrus Cirrocumulus Cirrostratus The low-level clouds include: (Select all that apply) Stratocumulus Nimbostratus Stratus Advection fogs are caused by _________________________ Wind blowing warm, moist air over a cold surface Ground fog is also known as _______________________________. Radiation fog How to calculate temperature Celsius to Fahrenheit° F = 9/5 ( ° C) + 32 Fahrenheit to Celsius° C = 5/9 (° F - 32) The main forms of precipitation include all of the following except dew. Rain drops are _______________________. 10 to 1000 times bigger than cloud droplets Aggregation can begin to form which type of precipitation? snowflakes When cloud droplets merge to form larger droplets, it is called . coalescence. The wind ________________________ due to orographic lifting. (Choose 3) sinks and blows down the mountain on the leeward side- blows from the windward side of a mountain toward the leeward side- rises, condenses as it cools on the windward side Two glaciers come down different sides of the mountains. They join into one large glacier. Where the 2 glaciers meet they form a(n) ___________________. medial moraine Roche moutonnee are small ________________. "mountains" that lie in the direction of glacial flow The greatest annual rainfall is located __________________________. In the equatorial regions and on the Windward side of mountains. Very little precipitation falls in all of the following places except _______________________. the windward side of mountains The average pH of acid rain is between ______ but it has been as low as between ______. 5 and 6, 2 and 3. How does the US weather service measure snow? (Choose 3) -melt it and measure in inches- satellites- measure with a measuring stick and melt it and measure in inches Air ________ in a low-pressure system to the upper atmosphere. It cools and flows to the ________ pressure area and ________ to the earth's surface. It warms then flows across the earth's surface the ______ pressure system. rises, high, sinks, low Wind in the northern hemisphere flows in a __________________ direction around and into a low-pressure system. counter clockwise Wind in the northern hemisphere flows in a __________________ direction around and out of a high-pressure system. clockwise During a time of high atmospheric pressure __________________ . (Select all that apply) the temperature is cooler, the weather is good, it forms an anticyclone, t he air density is high During a time of low atmospheric pressure __________________ . (Select all that apply) -air density is low- air converges- the temperature is warm- air rises- weather is lousy What do isobars that are very close together tell you? that there is a large pressure change, possibly showing a weather system Isolines that connect equal points of pressure are called ___________ . isobars What are the 2 different types of barometers? mercury and aneroid. What 3 factors affect air pressure? temperature, altitude, and water vapor. What causes wind? atmospheric changes An onshore breeze occurs when ___________________________. cooler air from the ocean replaces warmer air on the land An offshore breeze occurs when _____________________. cooler air from the land replaces the warmer air over the water Pressure-gradient force is __________________. the acceleration of wind due to the change in pressures over a gradient The Coriolis effect affects the way storms ______________ rotate The Coriolis effect is lessened with surface winds because of ____________________. friction Air wants to flow from high pressure to low pressure. Because of the Coriolis effect wind will blow to __________________. to the left in the southern hemisphere Air wants to flow from high pressure to low pressure. Because of the Coriolis effect wind will blow to ___________________________. the right in the northern hemisphere The wind appears to curve due to _____________________. the earth's rotation Between 30° North and 30° South, the winds blow towards the equator. During summer time, a ________ can occur, bringing large amounts of precipitation. monsoon A Hadley cell is ________________________. convection cell that circles the earth between 0° and 30° ________________ winds occur when the warm land creates an area of low pressure in the summer. sea breeze Land Breeze Air movement from land to sea at night, when cool air from the land pushes the warmer air over the sea. In the video on air circulation, it tells you that the windiest place on the Earth is _________________________. Antarctica A valley breeze occurs __________________. when warm air rises from the mountain slopes Mountain breezes occur at night, when cool, dense air flows from the mountainside into the valley. Which direction do the jet streams blow? And why? Because of the earth's rotation the winds blow from west to east. Local winds include: (Select 4 options). Sea Breeze Land Breeze Valley Breeze Mountain Breeze. A maritime tropical air mass moves in over cold land. It is very far from its source region. It changes characteristics __________ Due to air mass modification An air mass that would warm off the east coast of Canada would be characterized as a __________ Maritime polar air mass A very cold air mass that is the same as a continental air mass is __________ an Arctic air mass Black __________ heat and __________ it back Absorbs, radiates White or light colors __________ heat Reflect What symbol would you find on the weather map that would label an air mass that is warm and dry? cT What symbol would you find on the weather map that would label an air mass that is cold and humid? mP Why do clouds form in front of the cold air front? cold air slides under warmer air causing unstable conditions Cold fronts have what kind of slopes? steep Warm fronts have what kind of slope? diagonal Know different types of fronts and their characteristics (ex. occluded) cold front, warm front, stationary front, and occluded front. Low-pressure systems are associated with what type of weather? stormy Computer Model Simulations are used for understanding and predicting which kinds of weather forecasting? long-term weather changes How can meteorologists predict short - term weather forecasts? By tracking changes in air temperature, atmospheric pressure, wind direction, radar of clouds, satellite observations What is Computer Model Forecasting? atmospheric simulations done by a computer Meteorologists use which methods to predict long- range weather forecasting? (Select all that apply) Calling on other countries to coordinate with their data collectionsComputer model simulationsTaking info from airplanes crossing through the atmosphere What is the name of weather satellites that monitors the Western hemisphere? Geostationary What are three of the major purposes of long-term weather tracking? (Choose 3) To prepare for emergenciesTo help save property and livestockTo plan events such as the Presidential Inaugural address on the Capital lawn Radiosondes collect data including ________________. (Select all that apply) direction wind speed temperature atmospheric pressure humidity