Bio 93 Real Exam Questions With Verified Answers 100% {Main Concepts}

Bio 93 Real Exam Questions With Verified Answers 100% {Main Concepts} All cells share these two characteristics enclosed by a membrane; uses DNA as genetic information What is the main difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells? eukaryotic has a nucleus (membrane enclosed), while prokaryotic does NOT. What is the composition of cells? water (70-95%) and carbon based molecules for the rest What elements are 96% of living matter made from? carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, hydrogen What are the two strong chemical bonds? covalent and ionic What is a weak bond? hydrogen What capacity do water molecules have? to form hydrogen bonds What is the difference between solid and liquid water? number of hydrogen bonds What bonds are hydrophilic? polar or ionic bonds that can form hydrogen bonds with water What bonds are hydrophobic? non-polar covalent bonds What do acids do? increase the proton [H+] concentration of a solution What do bases do? decrease the proton [H+] concentration of a solution How do buffers work? donate or accept H+ when there is depletion or excess of H+ in the solution What is the main buffer in blood? carbonic acid / bicarbonate (7.4 is the equilibrium) How many valence electrons does carbon have? 4 How many covalent bonds can carbon form? 4 What is another name for the main chemical groups? functional groups describe a dehydration reaction in a polymer there is a short polymer (bonded to H) and an unlinked monomer (bonded to HO); water molecule gets removed by dehydration, and now there is a long polymer describe hydrolysis in a polymer one long polymer gets a water molecule added, breaking a bond what is the main fuel of cellular respiration? glucose what do carbon skeletons do? serve as raw material for synthesis of other molecules including amino acids and fatty acids what are the three types of lipids? fats, phospholipids, steroids what are saturated fats versus unsaturated fats saturated fats are saturated with hydrogen (lard, butter; no C=C (double bonds)) unsaturated fats are NOT filled with hydrogen (oils, margarine; C=C) describe the phospholipid structure from "head" to "tail" from "top to bottom", choline, phosphate, and glycerol (all three which are the hydrophilic head), and then the 2 fatty acid "tails" which are hydrophobi