Multiple Sclerosis Exam Questions With All Correct Answers

Multiple Sclerosis Exam Questions With All Correct Answers MS definition - ANSWER- Chronic, disabling disease that attacks the central nervous system MS mechanism - ANSWER- Autoimmune MS lifespan - ANSWER- Normal Cost of MS per person over lifetime - ANSWER- 2 million 3 Pathalogical findings of MS - ANSWER- CNS inflammation and demyelination, Axon damage (mainly myelin), Gray and white matter damage What else is lost in MS (other than myelin) - ANSWER- -Axonal damage. -connections between axons, -Gray matter with myelin Plaques in MS mechanical properties - ANSWER- Harder and stiffer than non affected tissues What happens to form plaques in MS? - ANSWER- Scarring of tissue Perivascular cuffing definition - ANSWER- Inflammation around axons that leads to demyelination Onset of age MS - ANSWER- 15-45 years Gender MS - ANSWER- 70% women Race incidence MS - ANSWER- Much more in Caucasians. Occurs in areas far from the equator where Scandinavians settle What causes MS? What are 3 possibilities? - ANSWER- Not totally understood. Genetics, environment, autoimmune are the 3 factors. Risk of MS if you have a twin - ANSWER- Increase drastically Genetic risk factors MS (name the gene, and give other factors) - ANSWER- HLA DR gene, Being a twin (30%), 15% of patients have a family history of MS What factor is most affected by genes in MS? - ANSWER- Autoimmune 4 Environmental risk factors MS - ANSWER- Epstein Barr virus, Smoking, Vitamin D deficiency, Obesity What happens to risk of MS 10 years after smoking? - ANSWER- Decreases Describe the study done in the military with serum vitamin D levels and MS incidence - ANSWER- 4 million people. The people with low levels of vitamin D were much more at risk for developing MS What imaging technique is best for viewing MS? - ANSWER- MRI What is the big downfall of MRI for diagnosing MS? - ANSWER- It can look like there is pathology when there is not T1 MRI findings MS - ANSWER- Periventricular lesions that extend perpindicular from inferior sagittal sinus T2 MRI findings MS - ANSWER- Corpus callosum thinning, Black holes, Sub cortical lesions, Contrast enhancing lesions Which MRI technique gives information about how recent the damage is? How? - ANSWER- Contrast MRI. Serum is injected. If it gets into the brain it means the BBB has been broken It must be less than 3 weeks old because the BBB heals in 3 weeks Describe Relapse-remitting MS - ANSWER- There is always an isolated episode initially. they can recover, but not 100%. They fail to fully recover after each relapse. Clinically isolated syndrome - ANSWER- Single clinical episode that can be consistent with MS. What % of Clinically isolated syndrome progress to MS within 2 years? - ANSWER- 45% Clinically isolated syndrome MRI results - ANSWER- Normal usually Describe radiologically isolated syndrome - ANSWER- No symptoms, but an MRI obtained for some other reason presents findings indicative of MS.