NUR 2063 ESSENTIALS OF PATHOPHYSIOLOGY EXAM 2 REVIEW STUDY GUIDE A+ GRADED FOR

NUR 2063 ESSENTIALS OF PATHOPHYSIOLOGY EXAM 2 REVIEW STUDY GUIDE A+ GRADED FOR 2023- 2024 What are the three stages of AKI presentation? - CORRECT ANSWER-- Prodromal - Oliguric - post-oliguric Causes of chronic kidney disease - CORRECT ANSWER-- Outcome of progressive and irrevocable loss of functional nephrons. - Due to kidney not recovering • Can lead up to end-stage renal disease (ESRD) which requires dialysis Risk Factors of chronic kidney disease - CORRECT ANSWER-- Diabetes - Hypertension - Recurrent pyelonephritis - Polycystic kidney disease - History of exposure to toxins - Age over 65 - Ethnicity (African American male higher risk) complications of chronic kidney disease - CORRECT ANSWER-- hypertension and cardiovascular disease - uremic syndrome - metabolic acidosis - electrolyte imbalances - bone and mineral disorders - malnutrition - anemia - pain - depression Hypertension and cardiovascular disease - CORRECT ANSWER-- (increased blood volume) Hypervolemia, escalated atherosclerotic process Uremic Syndrome - CORRECT ANSWER-- Can't get rid of normal metabolic waste Retention of metabolic wastes, impaired healing, pruritusm dermatitis, and uremic frost (itching & discomfort) . Metabolic acidosis - CORRECT ANSWER-- Retention of acidic waste products, hyperkalemia Electrolyte Imbalances - CORRECT ANSWER-- Retained potassium (hyperkalemia), phosphorus, and magnesium Bone and mineral disorders - CORRECT ANSWER-Elevated phosphorus and PTH causes altered bone/mineral metabolism. Kidneys are unable to reabsorb calcium (body steals calcium from parts of the body) Malnutrition - CORRECT ANSWER-- Decreased intake, depression, and dietary limitations (Decreased salt, protein and potassium) Anemia - CORRECT ANSWER-- Lack of erythropoietin (produces new RBC), uremia shortens RBCs life Pain - CORRECT ANSWER-- Many reasons; disease itself, treatment, comorbidities Depression - CORRECT ANSWER-- Comorbid conditions; disease itself; disruption of social interactions and relationships Urge Incontinence - CORRECT ANSWER-- Sudden need to void with an involuntary leakage of urine If it happens at night (nocturia) it is called overactive bladder Stress Incontinence - CORRECT ANSWER-- Small amounts of urine are voided involuntarily when there is an increase in intraabdominal pressure. (More common in women following childbirth; Can occur with coughing, sneezing and lifting heavy objects) Neurogenic bladder - CORRECT ANSWER-From a disruption of nervous communication that controls micturition. Seen in individuals with stroke, Parkinson's, MS, and spinal cord injuries. Functional Incontinence - CORRECT ANSWER-- Secondary to physical or environmental limitations such as not getting to the toilet in time. Mixed Incontinence - CORRECT ANSWER-- A combination of both stress and urge incontinence More common in elderly women Overflow Incontinence - CORRECT ANSWER-- When the bladder becomes full and overflows (Due to something physically blocking; NOT from holding urine) Cystitis (UTI) - CORRECT ANSWER-- Inflammation of the bladder lining due to E. coli from infections, chemical irritants or stones. General S/S of Cystitis (UTI) - CORRECT ANSWER-- frequency, urgency, dysuria, suprapubic pain, and cloudy urine S/S of Cystitis (UTI) in Children - CORRECT ANSWER-- fever, irritability, poor feeding, vomiting, and diarrhea. S/S of Cystitis (UTI) in older adults - CORRECT ANSWER-- delirium and new onset incontince. . Patient teachings to prevent cystitis - CORRECT ANSWER-- Urinate before and after sexual intercourse - Wipe front to back - Take antibiotics as prescribed - Increase fluid intake - Do not resist urge to urinate What can happen if cystitis does not resolve? - CORRECT ANSWER-- It can lead up to kidney infections. . Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH) - CORRECT ANSWER-- Enlargement of prostate gland S/S of Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH) - CORRECT ANSWER-- Decreased stream, Hesitancy (difficulty initiating stream), and infection caused by retention. Hydrocele - CORRECT ANSWER-- Fluid collection progressively surrounding the testicle or spermatic cord causing swelling by evening. Testicular Torsion (Primarily in prepubertal males) - CORRECT ANSWER-- Twisting of the spermatic cord with compromised vascular supply and ischemia, followed by infarction. - Can cut off blood supply & lead up to necrosis and ischemia Endometriosis - CORRECT ANSWER-- Endometrial tissue outside the lining of the uterine cavity, abnormal tissue implant (endometrioma) S/S of Endometriosis - CORRECT ANSWER-- Dysmenorrhea (painful menses), pain w/ intercourse, pain w/ defecation, & pain begins 5 to 7 days before menses and lasts for 2 to 3 days. Uterine Prolapse - CORRECT ANSWER-- Prolapse (sinking) of the uterus from its normal position into the vagina S/S of Uterine Prolapse - CORRECT ANSWER-- Depends on the severity of prolapse, discomfort in walking/sitting, difficulty urinating, vaginal discomfort, and bleeding